is not D;" &c.,) then the Dilemma would have been partly Constructive and partly Destructive. For, as has been formerly explained, the difference between a Constructive and a Destructive Syllogism consists merely in the form of expression, and it is very easy to reduce either form into the other.

It may be worth while to observe that it is very common to state the Minor-premise of a Dilemma first; in order to shew the more clearly that the several Categorical-propositions which are, each, doubtful, when taken separately, may be combined into a Disjunctiveproposition that admits of no doubt. And this Minorpremise being disjunctive, some have hence been led to suppose that a Dilemma is a kind of disjunctive argument; tho' it is really, as we have shown, a Conditional.

The name of "Dilemma," again, has led some to supdose that it must consist of two members only: tho' it is evident that there may be any number.

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§ 4. When there is a long Series of arguments, the Conclusion of each being made one of the Premises of the next, till you arrive at your ultimate Conclusion, it is of course a tedious process to exhibit the whole in the form of a series of Syllogisms. This process may many cases be considerably abridged, without departing from the strict syllogistic-form: [that is, such a form as shews the conclusiveness of the reasoning, from the expression alone, independently of the meaning of the Terms, and equally well when arbitrary Symbols are used to stand for the Terms.]

What is called a "Sorites" (from a Greek word signifying a heap, or pile) is such an abridged form of stating a train of arguments. When you state a series of propositions in which the Predicate of the first is made the Subject (distributed) of the next, and the Predicate of that, again, in like manner the Subject of the next, and so on, to any length, you may then predicate in the Conclusion the Predicate of the last Premise of the Subject of the first.

Thus "A (either "some" or "every") is B; every B is C; every C is D; every D is E; &c. therefore A is E;" or "no D is E; therefore A is not E." Thus also, "this man is selfish; whoever is selfish is neglectful of the good of others; whoever is neglectful of the good of others is destitute of friends; and whoever is destitute of friends is wretched: therefore this man is wretched."

§ 5. To such a form of argumentation the "Dictum" formerly treated of may be applied, with one small addition, which is self evident. "Whatever is affirmed or denied of a whole Class, may be affirmed or denied of whatever is comprehended in [any Class that is wholly comprehended in] that Class." This sentence, omitting the portion enclosed in brackets, you will recognize as the "Dictum" originally laid down: and the words in brackets supply that extension of it which makes it applicable to a "Sorites," of whatever length; since it is manifest that that clause might be enlarged as far as you will, into " a Class that is wholly comprehended in a Class, which again is wholly comprehended in another Class &c."

You will perceive on looking at the above examples that, tho' the first of the propositions of a Sorites may be either Universal or Particular, all the succeeding Premises must be Universal; since, else, the "Dictum," as stated just above, would not apply.

You will perceive also that, tho' the last of the Premises may be either Negative or Affirmative, all the preceding ones must be Affirmative, in order that the Dictum may be applicable. Thus, in the example first given, it is allowable to say "no D is E; therefore A is not E:" but then it is necessary that "C" should be comprehended in D" (not, excluded from it) and "B" likewise in "C," and "A," in "B," since otherwise the "Dictum" would not be applicable.

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§ 6. It will be seen, on examining the examples, that there are, in a Sorites, as many Middle-terms as there

are intermediate propositions between the first and the last; and that it may be stated in just so many separate syllogisms in the 1st Figure; which is the simplest and most common form of a syllogism.

The first of these syllogisms will have for its Majorpremise the second of the propositions in the series, and for its Minor-premise, the first of them; and the Conclusion of this first syllogism will be a proposition which is (in the Sorites) not expressed but understood; and which will be the Minor-premise of the next Syllogism. And of this next syllogism the Major-premise will be the third that is expressed in the Sorites; and so on.

For instance, (1st,) "every B is C; A is B; [therefore A is C:"] and (2ly) "every C is D;” [“Ã is C; therefore A is D,"] &c.

The portions enclosed in brackets are those which in the Sorites are understood.

The only Minor-premise expressed in the Sorites is the first proposition of the Series; all the succeeding minor-premises being understood.

And hence it is that (as has been above said) this first is the only one of all the Premises that may allowably be a Particular: because, in the first Figure, tho' the Minor may be either Universal or Particular, the Major (as you see from what was formerly said, of the "Dictum,") must always be Universal; and all the premises in the Sorites except the first, are Major-premises.

In this way may also be explained what was above said, that the last of the premises of a Sorites is the only one that can allowably be a Negative: since if any of the others were negative, the result would be that one of the Syllogisms of the Series would have a negative minor-premise; which, in the first Figure, (as you will see by again referring to the "Dictum") is inadmissible.

§ 7. A Series of Conditional-syllogisms (which correspond, as has been shown, to Categorical-syllogisms in the first Figure) may in like manner be abridged into a Sorites; by making the Consequent of the first proposition the Antecedent of the next; and so on: and then drawing the Conclusion by either asserting the first Antecedent, and thence (constructively) inferring the last Consequent, or else, denying the last of the Consequents, and (destructively) inferring the Contradic tory of the first Antecedent. As, "If A is B, C is D; and if C is D, E is F; and if E is F, G is H," &c.: and then, if the Sorites be "Constructive," you add “but A is B; therefore G is H;" or, if "destructive,” “but G is not H; therefore A is not B."

The foregoing are all the forms in which Reasoning can be exhibited Syllogistically; i. e. so that its validity shall be manifest from the mere form of expression.

For, an Enthymeme (See Lesson II. § 3) is manifestly not syllogistic; since it is possible to admit the truth of the one premise that is expressed, and yet to deny the Conclusion.

An Enthymeme may indeed be such (since it contains all the three Terms requisite for a Syllogism,) that we can readily perceive what the premise is that ought to be understood, and which if supplied, would make the Syllogism complete: as "Z is X; therefore Z is Y;" [or "the Elk has horns on the head; therefore it is a ruminant] this would be syllogistic, if you were to prefix "Every X is Y:" but whether this be the Premise actually meant to be understood, we can only judge from the sense of the words that are expressed, and from what we believe respecting the subject-matter in hand, and the design of the Speaker.

In a Syllogistic form on the other hand,-whether Categorical, or Hypothetical, and whether at full length, or abridged into a Sorites-that which is actually expressed in the Premises is such that no one can possibly suppose these true (whatever be the meaning of the Terms, or whether we understand them or not) without admitting the truth of the Conclusion thence drawn.

§ 8. As for any arguments that are not expressed in a regular form, of course no precise rules can be laid down for reducing them into such a form; since any arguments to which such rules do apply, must evidently be, on that very ground, pronounced to be already syllogistic. Some general remarks however (drawn chiefly from what has been taught in the foregoing Lessons) may be practically serviceable in the operation of reducing arguments into regular form.

i. It has been remarked (in Lesson III. § 7) that men are very impatient of tedious prolixity in Reasoning; and that the utmost brevity,-the most compressed statement of argumentation, that is compatible with clearness, is always aimed at, and is indeed conducive to clearness. And hence, (as was pointed out) a single

sentence, or even word-will often be a sufficient hint of an entire syllogism.

And it may be added, that such a sentence will sometimes be in the form, not of a Proposition, but of an Exclamation, a Question,-or a Command; and yet will be such as readily to suggest to the mind a Proposition.

For instance, in some of the examples lately given, one might say (in place of one of the Propositions) "Chuse which you will of these two suppositions;" or "Who can doubt that so and so follows?"

The message to Pilate from his wife* furnishes an instance of a single word ("just") suggesting a Majorpremise, while the Conclusion is stated in the form of an exhortation: "have thou nothing to do with that just man." And the succeeding sentence must have been designed to convey a hint of Arguments for the proof

of each of the Premises on which that Conclusion rested.

§ 9. ii. Remember that (as was formerly shewn) we may change any proposition from Affirmative to Negative, or vice versa, without altering the sense: it being the same thing, for instance, to affirm of any one the term "not-happy," or to deny "happy." So that an argument may be valid which might appear at the first glance to have "negative premises."

But if the above experiment be tried in an argument that is really faulty on that ground, the only effect will be, to change one fallacy into another: as "A covetous man is not happy; this man is not covetous; therefore he is happy:" here, if you take "happy" as the predicate of the Major, you have negative-premises: if you take not-happy" [or "unhappy"] as the term, you will have four terms.

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On the other hand "no one is happy who is not content; no covetous man is content; therefore no covetous man is happy," is a valid syllogism.

That the Conversion-by-negation [contra-position] of a Universal-affirmative, is illative, has been formerly explained. And it is very common, and often conducive to clearness, to state such a proposition (A) in the form of this its converse (E); as, for instance, instead of "every motive that could have induced this man to act so and so, must have been purely benevolent," to say motive but pure benevolence could have induced him to act so."

"no

iii. Remember that one single sentence (as was formerly explained, Lesson IX. § 7) may imply several distinct propositions, according to the portions of it which you understand as the Subject, and as the Predicate. For instance, "It is the duty of the Judge to decide for him who is in the right; this plaintiff is in the right; therefore it is the Judge's duty to decide for him," might be understood as having five terms: but according to the drift of the first premise (considered as a part of this argument) what you are speaking of is, not, "the duty of the Judge," but "the person who is in the right;" of whom you assert that "he is fairly entitled to the Judge's decision on his side." And if thus stated, the argument will be seen to be valid. * Mat. 27, 19

And here it may be remarked that to state distinctly as Subject and Predicate, that which is really spoken of, and that which is said of it, will be often the best and most effectual exposure of a Fallacy; which will always be the more likely to escape detection, the more oblique and involved is the expression.

Notice to Correspondent signed BARBARA, &c. be attended to. THE suggestion respecting "categorical sentences" shall

The subject alluded to in the latter part of the communication could not be fully discussed in a short elementary work. It is in fact no less than the great question between the "Realists" and the “Nominalists,” which at one time was fiercely contested throughout Europe. There are several well-known Works in which the inquirer will find it fully discussed.

NATURAL HISTORY OF CHALK.

I.

THE use of chalk, as an admixture to the clay lands of Magazine, Vol. XVI., page 54; but in the present Essex, has already been noticed in the Saturday

paper we propose to enter more at length into the history of this familiar substance.

soft to the touch, and light in weight. In some cases, Chalk, when pure, is very nearly white, is opaque, however, it is found sufficiently hard so as to serve as a building material. The beauty of the landscape of which chalk forms the groundwork has frequently excited

admiration.

For my own part (says the Rev. Gilbert White) I think there is something peculiarly sweet and amusing in the shapely-figured aspect of chalk hills, in preference to those of stone, which are rugged, broken, and shapeless. Though I have now travelled the Sussex Downs upwards of thirty years, yet I still investigate that chain of majestic mountains with fresh admiration, year by year; and I think I see new beauties every time I traverse it. This range, which runs from Chichester eastward, as far as East Bourn, Downs, 'properly speaking, only round Lewes. As you is about sixty miles in length, and is called the South pass along, you command a noble view of the wold, or weald, on one hand, and the broad downs and sea on the other. Mr. Ray (the eminent naturalist) used to visit a family just at the foot of these hills, and was so ravished with the prospect from Plympton Plain, near Lewes, that he mentions those capes in his Wisdom of God in the Works of the Creation with the utmost satisfaction, and thinks them equal to anything that he had seen in the finest parts of Europe.

Mr. Trimmer, also, in his Practical Geology and Mineralogy, observes, that—

scenery of England, from its great extent, from the whiteness of its sea-cliffs, and from the smooth and flowing outlines of its hills, covered with short and verdant turf, destitute in a great measure of wood, and marked by winding and inosculating valleys, which appear to have once constituted a system of drainage, even when they are watered by no stream.

Chalk forms an important feature in the geology and

The white chalk is found, with very slight variations of mineral aspect, but subject to interruptions of continuity, over an area above 1100 miles long, extending from the north of Ireland, through England, France, Belgium, Germany, Poland, and Southern Russia, to the Crimea, with a breadth of more than 800 miles, or from the south

of Sweden to Bordeaux.

Scotland and Wales are entirely destitute of chalk. A range of these hills, however, extends on the north of the River Humber, from Flamborough Head nearly fifteen miles inland; these are named the Wolds of Yorkshire; the Wolds of Lincolnshire constitute a similar range of hills on the opposite side of the Humber, and have an average breadth of rather more than six miles.

South of the Wash, that great triangular area of chalk

commences, which extends over the eastern and southern counties, bounded on the east and south by the sea, and on the west by a line drawn from Hunstanton Cliffs, in Norfolk, to Abbotsbury, on the coast of Dorsetshire.

a function of corals, sea-eggs, and many other similar inhabitants of the deep, to take up this salt of lime from the water in which they exist. Dissolved, and circulating in the fluids of their bodies, the carbonate of lime is then deposited in, and forms the hard matter of, their various shells or skeletons; exactly in the same way as plants absorb carbon from the atmosphere and deposit it from their sap as wood. As whole races of these marine animals died away, it is easy to perceive how their harder and less perishable parts, (the greater number broken up by the motion of the water, and some few preserved entire as memorials of early ages,) would form, at the bottom of the ocean, a bed of carbonate of lime. Add to this, other sources of the same salt from the influx of rivers that contain it, from submarine calcareous

bourhood of Belfast. The white chalk, continued across the English Channel, appears on the coast of France between Calais and the mouth of the Seine, in cliffs corresponding to those of Dover and Beachy Head, and extends as far southward as the banks of the Loire at Tours.

Further south another cretaceous district appears in France at the mouth of the Garonne, near Rochelle. As an instance of the mixing up, at some early period of the world, of the different strata which form the earth's crust, it may be stated that fragments of the hard kind of chalk peculiar to the county of Antrim, in Ireland, have been found in the south-west extremity of Caernarvonshire.

Chalk is an extensive repository of flint, which occurs in it, either in rounded masses scattered throughout the substance of certain portions of the rock, or, and more frequently, in layers which separate horizontal beds of chalk. These layers consist either of nodules of flint that are rich in organic remains, or simply of a flat pavement of flint from half an inch to two or three inches in thickness, broken up by the weight of the superincumbent chalk. The intermediate beds of chalk are frequently six feet, and more, in thickness; but some less than as many inches. These alternate layers of chalk and flint are to be principally seen towards the upper face of a cliff; at the lower part is a deeper bed of harder chalk comparatively destitute of flints. In Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, and at Hunstanton, in Norfolk, a bed of red chalk, from six to twelve feet thick, forms the base of this lower, harder, and flintless chalk. The whole thickness of the chalk formation varies from 600 to 1000 feet.

Excepting the lines of flint there are no other appearances of stratification in chalk, although from the nature of the petrified remains of animals and plants that are embedded in its substance, there can be no doubt but that chalk is the hardened deposited mud of an extinct ocean. Fossil sea-eggs are, perhaps, the most numerous of these remains, and are found preserved both in the chalk and flint. Sometimes they are entirely filled with solid black flint, the white and partly translucent shell, formed of crystallized carbonate of lime, remaining on the exterior. Others, but these are rare, are hollow, with beautiful and regular crystals of carbonate of lime lining the interior of the shell. But the majority are filled with chalk.

Corals and sponges are met with in great numbers, particularly the latter.

Our common white chalk is also full of excessively minute shells and corals. From a pound of the white chalk at Brighton, at least a thousand of these tiny fossils have been obtained. They appear to the eye like particles of chalk, but when examined with a strong magnifying power, are found to be fossils in a beautiful state of preservation. Others, indeed, incalculably more minute, have been observed; for it appears that the white mealy-looking casing of black flints, is formed of the shells of infusoria.MISS ZORNLIN's Recreations in Geology.

Carbonate of lime which, chemically, is the same substance as chalk, exists in the waters of the ocean. It is

the mixing together of these various chemical solutions, and we arrive at the probable origin of the vast beds of chalk, which, subsequently were raised by extensive volcanic agency above the surface of the waters.

The remains of fish that are found in chalk are similar to existing species, which is very far from being the case with many of the organic fossils. Resemblances to the dog-fish, the salmon, and the smelt can be traced in this formation. In the chalk of Sussex, fossil fishes have been discovered with the air-bladder distended, and containing the contents of the intestinal canal, "proving sudden destruction and rapid envelopment."

The skeletons of turtles and of gigantic reptiles were, The remoreover, deposited in this marine museum. mains of a reptile, named the Mosasaurus, has been found in the upper chalk of Sussex; its length must have been as much as five and twenty feet, and its organization seems to have been adapted for constant abode in the sea.

No land, or fresh-water shells, nor any bones of mammalia, have been met with in chalk, which is another proof of its marine origin. Fragments of cone-bearing trees occur, indeed, occasionally, but these bear evident signs of having been drifted, probably down the rivers that were emptied into these early oceans. The few entire plants which have been found are all allied to species that grow beneath the waters of existing seas. Iron pyrites, in the form of irregular balls, are the principal metallic body that exists in chalk. We have now noticed the most interesting objects contained in this formation, and in the following number of the Magazine will treat more particularly of its chemical, agricultural, and botanical relations.

THE path of truth is a plain and safe path; that of falsehood, is a perplexing maze. After the first departure from sincerity, it is not in your power to stop. One artifice unavoidably leads on to another; till, as the intricacy of the labyrinth increases, you are left entangled in your own snare.-BLAIR.

VIRTUE, the strength and beauty of the soul,
Is the best gift of heaven: a happiness
That e'en above the smiles and frowns of fate
Exalts great Nature's favourites; a wealth
That ne'er encumbers, nor can be transferred.
Riches are oft by guilt and baseness earned;
Or dealt by chance, to shield a lucky knave,
Or throw a cruel sunshine on a fool.
But for one end, one much neglected use,
Are riches worth your care: for nature's wants
Are few, and without opulence supplied.
This noble end is, to produce the soul;
To show the virtues in their fairest light;
To make humanity the minister

Of bounteous Providence; and teach the breast
That generous luxury the Gods enjoy.

DR. ARMSTRONG.

JOHN W. PARKER, PUBLISHER, WEST STRAND, LONDON.

IV.

UPPER CANADA AND ITS INHABITANTS. WHEN it is considered that Upper Canada has been peopled almost entirely since the system of emigration has been established; or, in other words, that before the extension of emigration Upper Canada contained few but native Indian inhabitants,-it may easily be conceived that all the features presented by the towns are of a modern character. No cathedrals, no time-honoured buildings, no ancient customs, present themselves to our notice; but everything wears a new aspect.

One of the Upper Canadian towns which have risen to importance with great rapidity, viz., Kingston, is advantageously situated at the junction of Lake Ontario with the St. Lawrence, so as to command the navigation of both. The foundation of the town took place in 1783, and the streets were regularly planned, running at right angles with each other. Mr. Bouchette estimated the number of houses in 1830 at about seven

hundred; but matters have progressed so rapidly since then, that it will be better to take the more recent information of Sir Richard Bonnycastle. An early settlement built by the French occupied the site of Kingston; but the name was Anglicized when the English took possession of Canada. Although Kingston consisted of but a few houses in 1783, it now presents VOL. XXII.

a front of more than a mile in length, on the Ontario, and extends half a mile inland.

The lower part of the town, near the lake, is very level and convenient; but the ascent towards the newer part is rather sudden, along the edge of the limestone rocks, which then begin to show themselves, and are but scantily covered with soil. The upper portion of the town is beautifully laid out on a vast plateau of rock, which extends a long way towards the woods. From this elevated station, a magnificent view is obtained of the lake, the river, the forts, the islands, and the forests. The principal streets are Store Street, leading from the lake to the back country; and four streets running parallel with the lake. At the end of one of these streets is the Cataragui bridge, a very ingenious wooden structure, built by two American carpenters, and extending, on loose stone piers of eighty feet span, across the wide estuary of the river, in a troubled and deep water. It forms a pleasing addition to the scenery, and a very useful ornament to the town; but as its materials are perishable, and its piers not of solid masonry, the bridge is scarcely deemed worthy of such a rising and important town. The streets which approach to the water are much occupied by wharfs and quays, constructed on so large a scale that steam-boats containing a thousand passengers can draw up at the side of them. It has been remarked that when certain

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canals and railroads which are now in progress shall have been completed, Kingston will no doubt become a great city, as the trade of all the surrounding countries, from the Atlantic to Lake Superior, and from Hudson's Bay to the United States, will centre in its magnificent roadstead.

But although Kingston is thus happily situated, there are circumstances which have retarded its growth very signally. Emigrants, although of course desirous of being in a position to buy and sell with the inhabitants of a considerable town, attach still more importance to the possession of a rich and fertile spot of ground. Now it happens that the soil about the eastern end of Lake Ontario, where Kingston is situated, is not so fertile as that adjacent to the western end; and hence emigrants have congregated more numerously at the latter. As Kingston may be deemed the chief town of the eastern districts, so likewise has the western district its chief town, which was formerly called York, but now Toronto. This, too, has had additional importance given to it by being made the seat of government for Upper Canada. Among the recent travellers in Canada, Sir Richard Bonnycastle appears to give the most satisfactory account of this flourishing Canadian town; and to his account we shall be chiefly indebted.

In 1794 Toronto was occupied only by savage Indians; and when Governor Simcoe visited it, only two wigwams were seen in the unbroken and stately forest which bounded the bay in which it is placed. But now, such has been the rapidity of its progress, that it contains fifteen thousand inhabitants, and spreads over a surface of more than two miles in length by a mile in breadth. The memory of the "red man" is almost extinguished at Toronto; for, excepting during the occasional visits of the civilized Indians, upon matters of business with the government, a native Indian is seldom seen there; and when there, as he is usually clothed like an European, he excites no attention or surprise. Such have been the changes produced in a few short years, in the relative positions of the two races!

The French had a small square palisadoed fort here, about a mile westward of the present garrison, the remains of which are still visible; and this was called Fort Tarento or Toronto, supposed to be the name of an Italian engineer employed by the French in its construction. The country in the neighbourhood, when cleared by the British, was gradually called Toronto; while the village erected by the British settlers in 1794 obtained the name of York. The village grew in size and importance; and at length, in 1834, Sir John Colborne, now Lord Seaton, restored to it the former name of Toronto, made it a city, and constituted it the seat of the government for Upper Canada.

Toronto stretches nearly east and west along the shores of a spacious and beautiful bay, and consists of six parallel streets, each nearly two miles in length, intersected by cross ones at right angles, at every two or three acres distance, and the whole depth being about a mile. The value of property within the town is enormous. Acre-lots sold by the government, even at some distance from the heart of the town, have obtained so much as five or six hundred guineas each. Building ground, in the populous streets, is worth from ten to twenty pounds per foot; and in this way many persons have suddenly become wealthy; for the value of the land a few years ago was very small. Until about the time of the changes made by Lord Seaton, the buildings in Toronto were mostly of wood, stone not being found in sufficient quantity in the neighbourhood. It has however been found that the soil is an excellent brick-clay; and this has led to the employment of a more durable material. In some of the principal streets, not only have substantial brick houses been built, but the shops display the London luxuries of plate-glass windows, and

other attractions of a similarly showy kind. None of the public buildings display much splendour. The principal structures are the Parliament Buildings; the Public Offices; the English, the Scotch, and the Roman Catholic Churches; Dissenters' Chapels; the Bank of Upper Canada; the Market-house; the City or Townhall; and the Upper Canada College.

In Toronto unite the great roads from the Niagara and Western districts; the George Street, a straight road of thirty-six miles from Lake Simcoe; and the Eastern Road, leading to Kingston and Lower Canada. All these roads are well laid out for several miles from the city. There is a fishery established by the municipal authorities on the lake-shore of the peninsula, opposite to the city, where abundance of herrings and salmontrout are caught. In the winter when the bay is frozen over, huts are erected on the ice, and fish are speared by torch-light through holes made in the ice.

Proceeding from Toronto to Perth, to Goderich, or any other of the newly established towns in Upper Canada, we find that one and all bear a considerable resemblance either to Kingston and Toronto, or to those which have grown up in the way depicted in our notice of the emigrants' log-houses. The humble villages are inhabited by English, Scotch, or Irish, just as the tide of emigration happened to turn in each particular instance; and these inhabitants carry with them the habits, thoughts, attachments, religion, style of dress, &c., which distinguished them in their native country. If the towns are of larger size and importance, they contain many government, official, military, and legal personages, who carry with them from England the tone of social intercourse befitting their station. Hence, there is nothing to describe in reference to the inhabitants of Upper Canada, so marked and singular as that which we had to detail concerning the Lower Canadians; no admixture of French and English, of feudal with modern tenures; of modern dresses with dresses of past generations. In the smaller towns and villages the social intercourse is generally kind and friendly, the interests of all rendering mutual aid advantageous.

In the larger towns, however, there is frequently a display of assumption, of vanity, of petty party spirit, such as frequently marks a town suddenly shooting up into importance. If Mrs. Jameson's picture of society at Toronto be correct, it is certainly not a pleasant one:— I did not expect to find here in this new capital of a new country, with the boundless forest within half a mile of us, on almost every side-concentrated, as it were, the worst evils of our old and most artificial social system at home, with none of its agrémens, and none of its advantages. Toronto is like a fourth or fifth rate provincial town, with the pretensions of a capital city. We have here a petty colonial oligarchy, a self-constituted aristocracy, based upon nothing real, nor even upon anything imaginary; and we have all the mutual jealousy and fear, and petty gossip, and mutual meddling, and mean rivalship, which are common in a small society of which the members are well-known to each other, a society composed, like all societies, of many heterogelimits, there is no getting out of the way of what one most neous particles; but as these circulate within very confined dislikes; we must necessarily hear, see, and passively endure much that annoys and disgusts any one accustomed to the independence of a large and liberal society, or the ease of continental life. It is curious enough to see how quickly a new fashion, or a new folly, is imported from the old country, and with what difficulty and delay a new idea finds its way into the heads of the people, or a new book into their hands.

The concluding paragraph is more satisfactory.

Yet, in the midst of all this, I cannot but see that good spirits and corrective principles are at work; that progress is making; though the march of intellect be not here in double quick time, as in Europe, it does not absolutely stand stock still.

in

Perhaps we cannot better illustrate the manner which towns and villages spring up in Upper Canada,