in looking a little further into the situation of an early settlement, it will perhaps be found that the feudal system is the best calculated to aid and promote the first steps of colonization, from the circumstance of its requiring less capital, and of its concentrating the energies of a new settlement, in such a way as to enable the settlers mutually to assist each other; whilst at the same time they enjoy the countenance, aid, and protection of the seigneur, who is himself interested in the prosperity of a rising colony that is to give increasing value to his property. kill in the autumn such stock as is intended for the winter's food; a great portion is immediately salted; some part is frozen; and thus, though during the early part of the winter and the latter part of the summer the population live on fresh food, still for a great portion of the year their chief animal food is salted. The people of the "townships" of Lower Canada differ greatly from the French dwellers in the earlier settled districts. The "townships" originated principally by the grants of land, on the part of the Crown, to military officers and persons who were deemed worthy of reward, whether English or not. Thus a motley population of English, Americans, Scotch, Irish, Dutch, and Germans, has sprung up; all carrying with them the habits and tone of thought of their respective countries. The French inhabitants in the rural districts of Lower Canada are still nearly the same people, in dress, manners, and occupations, as they were before the country passed into the possession of the English. They constitute, in effect, a numerous body of landThese inhabitants of the various townships seem, on holders, who live by the produce of their own labour the whole, to be provided nearly as well as the French from their own property. Unlike their neighbours of Canadians with the necessaries of life; but as their the United States, they show no tendency to a roving tastes are more diverse, the difficulty of consulting them disposition; they cling with pertinacity to the spot which is greater. gave them birth, and cultivate with industry and contentedness the little plots of land which have fallen to their share. The writer of A Political and Historical Account of Lower Canada, gives the following account of the state of the people as to comforts : The comforts of the people, if compared with any other nation, are wonderfully great; their food, from their French habits, consists not of animal food to the same extent as that of the richer English, but is, nevertheless, nourishing and abundant. No griping penury here stints the meal of the labourer, no wan and haggard countenances bear testimony to the want and wretchedness of the people. I may say, I believe, without exaggeration, that throughout the whole Canadian population no instance can be found of a family unprovided with the complete and comfortable means of subsistence; the food, indeed, is oftentimes coarse, but always wholesome. From the length of the winter it is found necessary to The population of the towns is distinguished by few peculiarities that are not common to the inhabitants gradations of rank, the same assumptions on the one of populous places generally. Here we find the same hand, and denials of superiority on the other, that are incident to similar communities. The circumstance of the two chief places of the province being garrison towns, serves also to give a certain complexion to society, and to give rise to much gaiety. "However remote from the vortex of the haut ton on this side of the Atlantic," says Mr. Bouchette, "the higher circles are by no means strangers to the delicacies, etiquette, and refinements of European society; and by the agreeable union of French and English manners, that forms so peculiar a feature in the society of Canada, a degree of vivacity prevails, which holds a medium course between the austerity of English reserve and the ebullition of French rhapsody." II. THE SCHOOL, AS SEEN FROM THE CHURCHYARD. FROM the nature of the foundation of John Lyon, it must be evident that few persons in modern times are so situated as to derive much benefit from the Founder's benefaction. It is limited to Harrow, a place inhabited chiefly by farmers and labourers. To the former the charity would have been available had any provision been allowed to them in boarding or clothing their children, or any means of support held out to them when removed to the University: but with the exception of four small exhibitions no such assistance is given. The objection applies still more forcibly to the children of the labouring classes. The education is strictly classical, and the parent must be at great expense in supplying books, clothes, &c. Thus it is not remarkable that so few parents have claimed the benefit of the foundation for their children. The revenues of Lyon's estates are considerable, but it has happened, unfortunately for this foundation, that those portions of the property which have received the greatest increase in value were appropriated by him to other purposes, such as the repairing of roads, &c., in the neighbourhood of his own home. There are also many small charitable bequests. The benefit derived by the parishioners of Harrow from their free school not being commensurate to their expectations, was for many years a source of uneasiness and imagined injustice to many of them; VOL. XXII when at length in the year 1809 a portion of them formed a committee among themselves with the avowed intention of attempting by legal means to confine the benefits of the institution to its ancient narrow limits, and to correct such other abuses as time or innovation had effected. An appeal was therefore made to the Court of Chancery, and was heard before the Master of the Rolls, Sir William Grant, who on the 17th August, 1810, after much luminous reasoning, pronounced judgment in favour of the school as at present constituted; and has thus probably fixed it on a sure basis which no one hereafter will attempt to disturb. The petition embraced three leading points:-First, the removal of such of the governors of Harrow School as the petitioners contended not to have been duly elected. Secondly, the better administration of the revenues of the charity, and Thirdly, an alteration in the existing constitution of the school. The first two points were subservient to the main object expressed in the last. With regard to the election of governors the Master of the Rolls dismissed that part of the information, on the ground that the court claimed no jurisdiction over bodies corporate. On the second point he declared his persuasions that the governors had administered the revenues of the charity to the best of their judgment. The third purpose of the petitioners was a complete change in the system of the school which they conceived no longer answered the purposes of the foundation; and 702 218 that with that view, the whole of the expenditure was Consequently misapplied. They maintained, that considering the small proportion of free scholars the income of the founder was rather expended for the commodious education of the rich, than the gratuitous instruction of the poor. They did not allege that the school was not commodious; that the teachers were not competent; or that any children of the parish were not carefully taught when admitted. If this statement be true, At first sight it seems, that the benefit of the institution is within the reach of the inhabitants, as far as they choose to avail themselves of it; but it is said that so many persons, not entitled as parishioners to be gratuitously educated, resort to this school, that the parishioners are deterred from sending their children there; partly because of the ill treatment they receive, and partly from the apprehension of their acquiring expensive habits by associating with persons of a rank superior to their own. it is difficult to conceive what remedy the court can apply. The only complete one would be the exclusion of foreigners; but this would be incompatible with the intentions of the founder. Would it not go to the extent of saying, that this school should be a parochial school? Yet the founder has declared, that the master may receive over and above the youths on the foundation, so many foreigners as may be well taught, and the place may contain; it is not attempted to be shown that this number has ever been exceeded. But in the next place, would the parish gain by the conversion of this distinguished seminary of learning into a parochial school? It cannot be supposed that for the present salary a man of talent would supply the place of master; and to give a large salary would be the least likely mode for securing his diligence in the sphere to which he would be confined. As to a limitation in the number of foreigners, it certainly would not be productive of any advantage. I do not know the numbers from which bad habits may learned, or ill treatment may be suffered; but is it true that to the alleged causes the paucity of the present scholars on the foundation is to be attributed? Why should Harrow School be distinguished from other schools in which the admission of foreigners does not prevent the parishioners from taking the benefit of the foundation? Upon the whole of this part of the case, it appears to me, that, taking the evidence together, the alleged conspiracy against the parish boys is not made out; the number of instances of ill treatment proved, is no greater than, in the course of the years which have passed, might have happened from accidental circumstances; while the statement of circumstances in which there was no such treatment seems to negative the uniform hostility alleged to prevail. Several witnesses, and among them parishioners, say that there are but few parish scholars, because there are but few parishioners who wish to give their children a classical education. Giving credit to them, the number there at any time would be small; I should therefore be unwilling to take any step which might impair the general utility of the school, or lower it to the foundation. In some schools the master has an annual allowance for every scholar taught on the foundation; to this I see no objection: but any restriction as to the number, except that which the founder has prescribed, would not be efficacious; and I cannot consent to a be reference to the Master to frame a scheme with a view to any such object. It has been said that if the parishioners do not wish to send their children to this school, or are prevented from doing so by causes which this court cannot control, the foundation ought not to be applied to expenses attending the school, but the parish ought to receive the benefit some other way. The parishioners however must be content to receive the benefit in the way the founder has thought fit to give it. The school is not to be let down because within any given period few or no parish scholars are sent to it. The founder has declared that there shall be at Harrow a grammar-school for ever: and has provided funds for such a foundation. In that grammar-school parish children are to be taught gratuitously: but the founder also meant to encourage other scholars, and to impart every benefit to them, except gratuitous teaching. The school was built of larger dimensions, and at a greater expense, with a view to their accommodation. The play-grounds were adapted for the whole number of the scholars, and not for the parishioners only; nor are the exhibitions to fail, because no parishioners are qualified to go to the University others are to have the benefit of them. In conformity with the above opinions the Master of the Rolls ordered a decree to be framed; and thus this question, which in its results involved the interests of many other chartered schools besides that of Harrow, was finally settled. The practice of archery was coeval with the establishment of the school. It was ordered by the statutes that every boy should possess "bow-shafts, bow-strings, and a bracer, to exercise shooting." Mr. Ackermann observes that this custom has often been considered as singular and peculiar to Harrow School, an idea which has probably arisen, from the longer duration of it there than elsewhere; but there is no doubt that archery was formerly practised at many schools. At Eton College a portion of the play-grounds still retains the name of the shooting fields; also, in the vicinity of other schools of equal antiquity with Harrow, there are plots of land called the Butts; both which terms doubtless allude to a similar custom. At Harrow the public exhibitions of archery were annual: the 4th August was the Anniversary, on which originally six, and in later times twelve boys, contended for a silver arrow. The first Thursday in July was afterwards substituted for the former day. The twelve competitors were attired in fancy dresses of spangled satin; the usual colours were white and green, and rarely red; green silk sashes, and silken caps completed the costume of the archers. The shooter who first shot twelve times nearest to the central mark was proclaimed the victor, and carried home the silver arrow attended by a procession of boys. In the early volumes of the Gentlemen's Magazine, many names of the successful competitors are recorded. On the 2nd August 1744, an Indian chief went to see the diversion and was much pleased with it; but signified, through his interpreter, that if they would give him leave to shoot, he would carry the prize. On the 4th July, 1765, some Indian warriors The last silver arrow were also present at the exhibition. was contended for in July, 1771, and was gained by the late Lord Spencer, then Lord Althorpe, who had his likeness taken at the time in the archer's dress in which he won the prize. This picture was returned to his lordship in 1817, by the Rev. Henry Drury, of Harrow, who then succeeded to it with other property of the late Dr. Heath. The arrow prepared for the ensuing year is now in the possession of Mr. Drury. We have not found the value of the silver arrow to have been recorded except in two years, viz., 1730 and 1735, when it is stated to have been 31. In the year 1816 an attempt was made to revive the custom, and the arrow was won by Master Jenkins. off The Butts at Harrow were a remarkable and beautiful spot, situated on the left of the London road, to a person entering the village from thence. They were backed by a lofty and insulated knoll, which was crowned with very majestic trees; upon the slope of this eminence were cut rows of grassy seats gradually descending, "worthy of a Roman amphitheatre," as Dr. Parr observed of it. This favourite spot was some years since stripped of its wood, and the knoll itself has at length entirely disappeared by the unrelenting efforts of miners for brick earth. The few other particulars of the arrow shooting which remain were communicated by Dr. Parr to Mr. Ackermann, by which it appears that whoever shot within the three circles which surrounded the central spot, was saluted with a concert of French horns; and the entertainments of the day were concluded with a ball in the school room to which all the neighbouring families were invited. The abolition of a practice, which, if not originally so, had at least by age become singular, cannot but be a subject of regret to all who are attached to old institutions, and who have daily to lament the loss of some relic of older times, dropping off, and quickly passing into oblivion. But the motives which induced the late master, Dr. Heath, to abolish this ancient custom, were dignified and just; they are stated to have been the frequent exemptions from the regular business of the school, which those who practised as future competitors for the prize, "claimed, as a privilege not to be infringed upon:" and also on account of the band of profligate and disorderly persons which this exhibition attracted to the village from London and its vicinity-and these circumstances had become at length so injurious to the discipline and morals of the school, that after some vain attempts to correct the evil, the total abolition of the custom was found necessary. Dr. Heath first attempted to curtail the number of rehearsals previous to the great day. The boys took offence and refused to shoot unless they could do so as formerly; when, taking advantage of this feeling, the Doctor abolished the custom altogether, and introduced the more intellectual exercise of public speaking. The public speeches are holden in a long room, built for the purpose, adjoining the head master's house, on the first Wednesdays of June and July; and are usually well attended by old Harrovians, the gentry of the neighbourhood, and the friends of the boys. Towards the end of June the annual audit of the governors is held, when the captain of the school delivers a Latin oration, in which allusion is made to some of the public events of the past year or to such as more immediately affect the welfare of the school. The captain is presented by the governors with a book of the value of two guineas. On the first speech day the Peel prize essay is recited; and on the second day three other prize compositions. The first prize was founded by Sir Robert Peel, and consists of a gold medal for the best Latin prose essay; the other three prizes, founded by the governors of the school, are each a present of books of the value of five guineas for the best Latin Lyric Ode, for the best copy of Latin Hexameters, and for the best copy of Greek Iambics. On the 6th July, 1820, the exhibition of speeches was more than usually brilliant, on account of the opening of a magnificent new school room, and the establishment of three prizes (two poems in Latin and one in Greek), originating with the head master, the Rev. Dr. Butler. The buildings connected with the school had been enlarged and partly rebuilt with much taste and skill by Mr. Cockerell. In September, 1839, a new chapel was consecrated by the Diocesan and Visitor, his Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury. The school house, chapel, and other buildings were erected by subscriptions among the numerous persons educated at Harrow The system of instruction at Harrow is similar to that of Eton Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays are whole school days. Tuesday is a whole holiday, Thursday and Saturday are half holidays. On Sundays the boys are in school from eight till nine, for religious instruction; but on the other days at half-past seven. The hours of school are devoted solely to saying the lessons which are prepared out of school, and rehearsed to the private tutor in his pupil room. On holidays the boys are required to answer at the call of "the bill" every two hours. The bills are called over in the school, in alternate weeks by the head master or one of his assistants, and by the under master or his assistant. The head master has four assistants, and the under master has one. The discipline of the school is also partly supported by monitors, who are selected from among the senior boys of the sixth form; they are ten in number; and they have the power of setting punishments to all boys below the fifth form, for violating the rules of the school. The house of the head master continues according to the intention of the founder, to be merely a boarding-house. There are other boarding-houses kept by private individuals, but under the control and inspection of the masters. The boys are locked up in their houses at an hour varying with the duration of daylight, and gradually extending from a quarter past five in the depth of winter, to a quarter to nine about midsummer. The annual charges for each boy, in an assistant's house, for boarding, washing, and private tuition amount to one hundred and twenty guineas; for schooling and school charges eleven guineas; but in the head master's house the annual charge is one hundred guineas. The number of boys varies between two and three hundred, and of these not more than about twelve or fifteen are upon the foundation. PROGRESS OF VEGETATION ON OLD BUILDINGS. SEEDS, to our eye invisible, will find On the rude rock the bed that fits their kind; Where the winged seed may rest, till many a flower SOLOMON, who is so much celebrated in Scripture for his wisdom and knowledge, hath purposely written a book, the main argument whereof is to inquire, wherein the chief happiness of man doth consist: and having in the former part of it shewed the insufficiency of all other things that pretend to it, he comes in the conclusion to fix it upon its true basis, asserting every man's greatest interest and happiness to consist in being religious: "Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter; Fear God, and keep his commandments; for this is the whole duty of man:" that is, the serious practice of Religion is that which every considerate man, after all his other disquisitions, will find to be his chief interest, and that which doth deserve his utmost care and diligence.-BISHOP WILKINS. VIRTUE must be formed and supported, not by unfrequent acts, but by daily and repeated exertions. In order to its becoming either vigorous or useful, it must be habitually active; not breaking forth occasionally with a transient lustre, like the blaze of a comet; but regular in its returns, like the light of day: not like the aromatic gale, which sometimes feasts the sense; but like the ordinary breeze, which purifies the air, and renders it healthful.--BLAIR. WHEN Addison found the end of his life approaching, he directed his son-in-law, the Earl of Warwick, to be called; and when the young lord desired, with great tenderness, to hear his last injunctions, told him, "I have sent for you, that you may see how a Christian can die." In Tickell's beautiful Elegy on his friend, there are these lines in allusion to this moving interview:→ He taught us how to live; and oh! too high WAR, even in the best state of an army, with all the allemorality and religion, is nevertheless so great an evil, that viations of courtesy and honour, with all the correctives of to engage in it without a clear necessity, is a crime of the blackest dye. When the necessity is clear, it then becomes a crime to shrink from it.-SOUTHEY. GoD left not the world without information from the beginning; so that wherever we find ignorance, it must be charged to the account of man, as having rejected, and not to that of his Maker, as having denied, the necessary means of instruction.-BISHOP HORNE. RIVAL ORATORS.-Charles Fox used to say, "I never want a word, but Pitt never wants the word." THE Christian conduct of the members of the Church reflects honour on the Church herself, and on her great Founder and Head.-BISHOP MANT. 218 that with that view, the whole of the expenditure was Consequently misapplied. They maintained, that considering the small proportion of free scholars the income of the founder was rather expended for the commodious education of the rich, than the gratuitous instruction of the poor. They did not allege that the school was not commodious; that the teachers were not competent; or that any children of the parish were not carefully taught when admitted. At first sight it seems, that the benefit of the institution is within the reach of the inhabitants, as far as they choose to avail themselves of it; but it is said that so many persons, not entitled as parishioners to be gratuitously educated, resort to this school, that the parishioners are deterred from sending their children there; partly because of the ill treatment they receive, and partly from the apprehension of their acquiring expensive habits by associating with persons of a rank superior to their own. If this statement be true, it is difficult to conceive what remedy the court can apply. The only complete one would be the exclusion of foreigners; but this would be incompatible with the intentions of the founder. Would it not go to the extent of saying, that this school should be a parochial school? Yet the founder has declared, that the master may receive over and above the youths on the foundation, so many foreigners as may be well taught, and the place may contain; it is not attempted to be shown that this number has ever been exceeded. But in the next place, would the parish gain by the conversion of this distinguished seminary of learning into a parochial school? It cannot be supposed that for the present salary a man of talent would supply the place of master; and to give a large salary would be the least likely mode for securing his diligence in the sphere to which he would be confined. As to a limitation in the number of foreigners, it certainly would not be productive of any advantage. I do not know the numbers from which bad habits may be learned, or ill treatment may be suffered; but is it true that to the alleged causes the paucity of the present scholars on the foundation is to be attributed? Why should Harrow School be distinguished from other schools in which the admission of foreigners does not prevent the parishioners from taking the benefit of the foundation? Upon the whole of this part of the case, it appears to me, that, taking the evidence together, the alleged conspiracy against the parish boys is not made out; the number of instances of ill treatment proved, is no greater than, in the course of the years which have passed, might have happened from accidental circumstances; while the statement of circumstances in which there was no such treatment seems to negative the uniform hostility alleged to prevail. Several witnesses, and among them parishioners, say that there are but few parish scholars, because there are but few parishioners who wish to give their children a classical education. Giving credit to them, the number there at any time would be small; I should therefore be unwilling to take any step which might impair the general utility of the school, or lower it to the foundation. In some schools the master has an annual allowance for every scholar taught on the foundation; to this I see no objection: but any restriction as to the number, except that which the founder has prescribed, would not be efficacious; and I cannot consent to a reference to the Master to frame a scheme with a view to any such object. It has been said that if the parishioners do not wish to send their children to this school, or are prevented from doing so by causes which this court cannot control, the foundation ought not to be applied to expenses attending the school, but the parish ought to receive the benefit some other way. The parishioners however must be content to receive the benefit in the way the founder has thought fit to give it. The school is not to be let down because within any given period few or no parish scholars are sent to it. The founder has declared that there shall be at Harrow a grammar-school for ever: and has provided funds for such a foundation. In that grammar-school parish children are to be taught gratuitously: but the founder also meant to encourage other scholars, and to impart every benefit to them, except gratuitous teaching. The school was built of larger dimensions, and at a greater expense, with a view to their accommodation. The play-grounds were adapted for the whole number of the scholars, and not for the parishioners only; nor are the exhibitions to fail, because no parishioners are qualified to go to the University others are to have the benefit of them. In conformity with the above opinions the Master of the Rolls ordered a decree to be framed; and thus this question, which in its results involved the interests of many other chartered schools besides that of Harrow, was finally settled. The practice of archery was coeval with the establishment of the school. It was ordered by the statutes that every boy should possess "bow-shafts, bow-strings, and a bracer, to exercise shooting." Mr. Ackermann observes that this custom has often been considered as singular and peculiar to Harrow School, an idea which has probably arisen, from the longer duration of it there than elsewhere; but there is no doubt that archery was formerly At Eton College a portion practised at many schools. of the play-grounds still retains the name of the shooting fields; also, in the vicinity of other schools of equal antiquity with Harrow, there are plots of land called the Butts; both which terms doubtless allude to a similar custom. At Harrow the public exhibitions of archery were annual: the 4th August was the Anniversary, on which originally six, and in later times twelve boys, contended for a silver arrow. The first Thursday in July was afterwards substituted for the former day. The twelve competitors were attired in fancy dresses of spangled satin; the usual colours were white and green, and rarely red; green silk sashes, and silken caps completed the costume of the archers. The shooter who first shot twelve times nearest to the central mark was proclaimed the victor, and carried home the silver arrow attended by a procession of boys. In the early volumes of the Gentlemen's Magazine, many names of the successful competitors are recorded. On the 2nd August 1744, an Indian chief went to see the diversion and was much pleased with it; but signified, through his interpreter, that if they would give him leave to shoot, he would carry off the prize. On the 4th July, 1765, some Indian warriors were also present at the exhibition. The last silver arrow was contended for in July, 1771, and was gained by the late Lord Spencer, then Lord Althorpe, who had his likeness taken at the time in the archer's dress in which he won the prize. This picture was returned to his lordship in 1817, by the Rev. Henry Drury, of Harrow, who then succeeded to it with other property of the late Dr. Heath. The arrow prepared for the ensuing year is now in the possession of Mr. Drury. We have not found the value of the silver arrow to have been recorded except in two years, viz., 1730 and 1735, when it is stated to have been 37. In the year 1816 an attempt was made to revive the custom, and the arrow was won by Master Jenkins. The Butts at Harrow were a remarkable and beautiful spot, situated on the left of the London road, to a person entering the village from thence. They were backed by a lofty and insulated knoll, which was crowned with very majestic trees; upon the slope of this eminence were of a Roman amphitheatre," as Dr. Parr observed of it. cut rows of grassy seats gradually descending, "worthy This favourite spot was some years since stripped of its wood, and the knoll itself has at length entirely disappeared by the unrelenting efforts of miners for brick earth. The few other particulars of the arrow shooting which remain were communicated by Dr. Parr to Mr. Ackermann, by which it appears that whoever shot within the three circles which surrounded the central spot, was saluted with a concert of French horns; and the entertainments of the day were concluded with a ball in the school room to which all the neighbouring families were invited. The abolition of a practice, which, if not originally so, of regret to all who are attached to old institutions, and who had at least by age become singular, cannot but be a subject have daily to lament the loss of some relic of older times, dropping off, and quickly passing into oblivion. But the motives which induced the late master, Dr. |