The paper so obtained is a soft-sized news suitable for dry printing. There appears to be a loss of 12 tons in manufacture, but the greater part of this is due to the fact that the newspaper when first turned out only contains about 5 per cent. of atmospheric or natural moisture, whereas air-dry pulp is usually reckoned as containing 10 per cent. of natural moisture.

The following facts relating to the production of a cheap daily newspaper are of interest:

TABLE IX.

Circulation assumed at 200,000 copies daily.

Weight of a single copy assumed at one-fifth of a pound.

Total weight of 200,000 copies about .

18 tons.

13 tons.

4 tons.
1 tons.
ton.

18 tons.
32,000 gals.
100,000 gals.

16 cords.

9 cords.

25 cords

A cord of logs for pulp is a pile of logs 4 feet wide, 4 feet high,
and 8 feet long (128 cubic feet). For 25 cords the number of
trees to be cut down is 200 (having an average height of 50
feet and an average diameter measured 5 feet from the ground,
of 8 to 9 inches.)

CHAPTER VII

PACKING PAPERS

Browns-Shop papers-Millboards-Vulcanised board-Pulp boards.

THE manufacture of this class of paper forms an important section of the paper trade, since a great variety of material is necessary to meet the special needs of many industries. The extremes are well represented by the very thin tissue browns used for dressmakers' patterns on the one hand, and the thick strong brown papers used for wrapping heavy hardware goods on the other. The gradual

substitution of boxes for brown paper in the packing of goods is also responsible for the development of a special branch of the trade.

Strong Browns.-These papers are manufactured from such raw materials as soda wood pulp, hemp, old rope, gunny, hemp and jute scutchings, waste paper, and all kinds of waste fibrous material.

The strongest papers which exhibit remarkable resistance to wear and tear are produced from old hemp ropes or from high-class soda wood pulp, while the

poor qualities contain a good deal of mechanical pulp and common waste

papers.

The treatment to which the old rope, after first being chopped up, is subjected consists of a short boiling with caustic soda in revolving boilers for four to six hours at a pressure of about 20 to 25 lbs. The boiling is only carried out to the extent necessary to produce a fairly complete isolation of the filaments and fibres without reducing them to the condition of pure cellulose. The boiled pulp is then submitted to the usual washing and beating operations, the process of bleaching being omitted. The sizing, colouring, and finishing are conducted in the ordinary way, no special process being necessary.

With brown papers prepared from soda wood pulp the process of manufacture is practically identical with that used for ordinary printings, so that little need be said as to the manufacture of

these papers.

Medium Browns. These papers are made from jute refuse, gunny, and waste papers used by themselves or mixed in varying proportions. Old jute bags and similar goods are first cut up by means of an ordinary rag-cutter and then boiled in a spherical or cylindrical digester for four to six hours at a pressure of 25 to 30 lbs. with a small proportion of caustic soda, the fibre being subjected to a comparatively mild treatment.

Waste papers are handled in several ways, being softened and pulped in large tanks, in edgerunners, or in special pulpingmachines, such as Wurster's kneader or Cornett's breaker.

Common Browns.-The cheapest qualities of wrapping paper are made by blending old waste papers, mechanical wood pulp, and any other fibrous material which by a stretch of the imagination can be called paper.