Superfine. A term denoting extra good quality. (Latin Super = above.) Super-royal. A particular size of paper 20 inches by 28. Larger than royal. Surface-coloured.-Papers coloured on surface only, by an ordinary coatingmachine, or by means of chased brass rollers. T.S.—A contracted term meaning tub-sized papers, to denote paper sized with gelatine. Hand-made papers are sized by being dipped into a vat or tub of animal size. Tape.-Paper made from esparto and rag, used for Morse telegraphs and similar machines. Made specially regular as to thickness and substance. Tar.-A coarse paper impregnated, or sometimes merely coated, with thin tar. Used for roofing or packing, being waterproof. Tartan. Strong variegated coloured cartridge papers used for book covers, made from rag and wood pulp. Tea. Various kinds of paper used for packing tea, generally coated on one side with tinfoil. Tinfoil.-Paper coated with tinfoil, the latter being tin in a finely divided state produced by chemical precipitation, which is pasted on the surface of the paper. Tips.-White or coloured common papers used for the manufacture of spools for cotton. Tobacco. Wrapping paper for tobacco, usually common paper enamelled and highly glazed. Toned printings.-Common printings coloured with iron or aniline dyes to a well-known stone grey or buff colour. Tracing.-Paper rendered transparent for tracing purposes by being soaked in a solution containing a mixture of Canada balsam, turpentine, and a trace of vegetable oil, and then hung up until dry. Transfer.-Paper used for the transfer of coloured pictures and designs to tin vessels and boxes used for packing food and condiments. The paper is first surfaced with starch and then coated with gum, or dextrine. Transparent.-(See Tracing.) Triplex. (a) Paper surfaced with three colours used for tickets and wrappers; (b) term applied to stiff paper composed of a middle surfaced on either side with coloured papers. Turmeric. A chemical test-paper prepared by soaking filter-paper in an extract of turmeric root. Used for detecting traces of alkali. Typewriting. Special thin writing papers of rag or wood pulp used for manifold copying by means of the typewriter. Vat.-Hand-made papers, so called because the mould is dipped into the vat containing the pulp. Vegetable parchment.-Paper rendered waterproof and greaseproof and partially transparent by having been dipped into a mixture of sulphuric acid and water for a few seconds, and immediately washed in fresh water, traces of acid being finally neutralised with weak alkali. Used for jam-pot covers, &c. Vellum. A thick writing paper somewhat resembling vellum or prepared calfskin in appearance, made from high-class rags which have been subjected to long beating. Veneer. Thin pulp or fibre boards suitably coloured and highly glazed; used as the name implies. Vulcanised.-Paper or boards treated superficially with a strong solution of zinc chloride, and thereby rendered very hard and waterproof. Sheets pressed together when wet form a compact mass. Water-finished.-Paper highly glazed by the action of the supercalender on the surface of the paper, which has been moistened just before entering the rolls of the calender. Waterleaf.-The term applied to sheets of hand-made paper or machine-made paper before being sized, or which are not sized. Water-marked. Any paper containing a water-mark, or distinct design produced by the raised pattern on a mould or a dandy-roll. Waterproof. Various sorts: (a) Roofing and tar papers; (b) imitation parch ments and greaseproofs; (c) oiled papers; (d) special qualities prepared by soaking paper in a solution of shellac, with or without borax. Waxed tissues.-Tissues impregnated with paraffin wax. Used for stencils, cyclostyle work, confectionery. Whatman's. A celebrated high-class drawing paper named after the original maker, one of the earlier pioneers of paper-making. Willesden. Paper impregnated or surfaced with an ammoniacal solution of cupric oxide, which acts upon the fibre, renders it partly gelatinous, and imparts the quality of imperviousness to water. Used for roofing, &c. Wood browns. Brown papers made from sulphate and soda pulps under various special names. Wood pulp.-A general term for paper made from wood pulp, Qualities numerous. Wood-pulp boards.-Thick stiff paper made from wood pulp, and designated boards, as being an efficient substitute for box-making purposes and book covers. Wove. A term applied to paper made on a woven wire, in which the wires cross and recross at even distances apart in a manner quite distinct from laid wires. CHAPTER XIX QUESTIONS ON "PAPER MANUFACTURE" SET BY THE CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON INSTITUTE 1902. ORDINARY GRADE. 1. In boiling rags with caustic soda, what are the principles which regulate the conditions of treatment, viz., chiefly: proportion of soda and of total liquor to rags, temperature and time of boiling? What information as to progress of the treatment is furnished by analysis of liquor? (30 marks.) 2. What are the characteristics most desirable in papers for (1) photographic mounts, (2) typewriting, (3) ledgers, (4) school books (illustrated in colours)? Give the furnish you consider most suitable, and state the precautions you would adopt to secure the best results. (25.) 3. What instruments are used in the mill to measure (1) temperature, (2) proportion of moisture in the air, (3) specific gravity, (4) weight and thickness of papers? State briefly what you know of the uses of such measurements. (30.) 4. Give a concise description of (1) Lowden's steam regulator, (2) the Marshall train; and discuss the advantages claimed in each case. (25.) 5. In boiling Spanish esparto, how much caustic soda would you use per ton of grass, and at what dilution? State the latter as percentage (NaOH) on the liquor, and from this the (approximate) number of gallons per ton. At the conclusion of the boiling, how would you estimate the addition to volume of liquor due to condensation of steam? (20.) 6. What style of damper do you consider most suitable for damping (1) supercalendered printings, (2) imitation parchments, (3) glazed casings, (4) soft-sized friction-glazed printings? Give practical details to be observed in damping each of the papers named. (20.) 7. State what you know of the composition of bleaching-powder and the bleaching action of the hypochlorites. How would you carry out the bleaching of half-stuff so as to provide for an intermediate washing of the pulp? What are the advantages of so doing? (25.) 8. State fully the treatment you would adopt to impart to a strong book paper the characteristics of a hand-made sheet. Give furnish you would use, with proportions of boiling and bleaching liquors; the duration of treatment in each department, and reasons for the adoption of any special appliances. (30.) 9. What compounds of cellulose are soluble in water, and how are they prepared? Which of these are used in paper-making, and what are the special effects they produce? (25.) 10. Describe Cornett's system of handling and treating esparto, and discuss its merits compared with any other system you are acquainted with. (25.) 11. What materials are used (a) for weighting or loading papers in the engine, (b) for surfacing or coating, (c) for colouring (in the beater) red, blue, yellow and black? Mention one piginent and one soluble dye in each case. (25.) 12. What precautions would you take to prevent froth and air bubbles when making thin printings at a fast speed, with a furnish of 30 per cent. broke and 70 per cent. esparto? (20.) HONOURS GRADE. 1. Permanganate of potassium is used as a bleaching agent in neutral solution. How does it break up, and what further treatment of a pulp would be required to eliminate the products of decomposition? Compare approximately the cost of this bleach at £50 per ton for KMnO, with that by bleachingpowder of 35.5 per cent. "available Cl" at £6 10s. a ton. (25 marks.) 2. Which variety of wood fibre do you consider most suited to blend with (1) linen rags for typewriting papers, (2) esparto for fine printings, (3) soft cottons for blottings, (4) manila ropes for cartridge papers? State the treatment you would adopt for the preparation of the various wood pulps from the raw materials, and give data for boiling, washing and bleaching, also composition of boiling and bleaching liquors, with the yield of pulp you would expect from 10 tons of raw wood. (30.) 3. Discuss fully the question of economy in boiling rags with caustic soda. By what chemical tests would you control the operation and fix the best conditions in particular cases? (25.) 4. State your opinion regarding the use of exhaust steam from the machine engine for heating the drying-cylinders, and compare the method with that of employing a condensing-engine and drying with high-pressure steam. Show how you arrive at the steam consumption for each method. (30.) 5. What are the average limits of thickness of writing papers? For a given mean thickness, calculate the weight per square metre of paper of 50 per cent. "cellulose density" (i.e., equal volumes fibre substance and air-space). Taking a breaking length of 7500 metres, what maximum weight will the paper support per 1 centimetre of breadth? Take the specific gravity of cellulose at 1.5. (25.) 6. Describe the plant you would put down to recover and causticise the soda in the liquors from the boiling and the washing of 100 tons of esparto per week, State the approximate number of gallons per boiler, the percentage of soda you would expect to recover, and the cost for labour, lime and coal per ton of soda recovered. (25.) 7. Discuss fully the conditions of penetration of papers by size solutions in tub-sizing. How would you vary these conditions, including the composition of the size, to produce the best effects? How would you investigate the paper to ascertain the distribution of the size and the sizing effect? (20.) 8. State fully how you would handle the beating tackle when beating the pulp for the papers mentioned in Question 2. What special methods would you adopt to secure that the wood fibres would be so blended as to prevent the finished sheet from having a woody" appearance? (20.) 66 9. State what you know of the hydrated modifications of cellulose, and their functions in the paper-making process. What special effects are obtained by these hydrates chemically prepared? (25.) 10. Wherein lie the advantages of the multiple-effect evaporator and the rotary furnace? State what you know of the practical working of each, and compare them with the Porion system as to the efficiency and cost of maintenance. (20.) 11. Give briefly a full scheme for the analysis and testing of writing and book papers. Give also a selection of these tests for rapidly determining the main features of composition. (25.) 12. Schedule the proportions of chemicals you would use in boiling and |