mined to bestow saivation on those, who, he foresaw, would persevere unto the end in their faith in Christ Jesus; and to inflict everlasting punishments on those who should continue in their unbelief, and resist, unto the end, his. divine succours: so that election was conditional, and reprobation in like manner the result of foreseen infidelity, and persevering wickedness."

On the second, the Arminians taught, "That Jesus Christ, by his sufferings and death, made an atonement for the sins of all mankind in general, and of every individual in particular; that, however, none but those who believe in him can be partakers of this divine benefit.” On the third article they held, "That true faith cannot proceed from the exercise of our natural faculties and powers, nor from the force and operation of free will; since man, in consequence of his natural corruption, is incapable either of thinking or doing any good thing; and that therefore it is necessary, in order to his conversion and salvation, that he be regenerated and renewed by the operation of the Holy Ghost, which is the gift of God through Jesus Christ."

Fourthly, "That this divine grace, or energy of the Holy Ghost, begins and perfects every thing that can be called good in man, and consequently all good works are to be attributed to God alone; that, nevertheless, this grace is offered to all, and does not force men to act against their inclination, but may be resisted, and rendered ineffectual, by the perverse will of the impenitent sinner."-Some modern Arminians interpret this and the last articic with a greater latitude.

Fifthly, That God gives to the truly faithful, who are regenerated by his grace, the means of preserving themselves in this state;" and though the first Arminians made some doubt with respect to the closing part of this article, their followers uniformly maintain, that the regenerate may lose true justifying faith, forfeit their state of grace, and die in their sins.

The modern system of Arminianism likewise extends the limits of the Christian church in such a manner, that Christians of all sects and denominations, papists excepted, may be formed into one religious body, and live together in brotherly love and concord. The Arminians are also called Remonstrants, from an humble petition entitled Remonstrance, which in the year 1610 they addressed to the States of Holland. Their principal writers are Arminius, Episcopius, Vossius, Grotius, Curcellæus, Linborch, Le Clerc, Wetstein, and many others of more modern date.

ARMINIUS (James), a Dutch divine, was born at O.dewater, in 1560. He lost his father in his infancy, and his mother, sister, and brothers, were butchered by the Spaniards while he was at Marpurg, in 1575. He afterwards studied at Leyden and Geneva, from whence he travelled into Italy, and spent some time at Padua. In 1588 he was ordained, and scon became a popular preacher. About this

time Lydius, theological professor at Franeker, desired him to refute a piece which had beca written against Beza on predestination, by some divines at Delft. In studying this point Arminius became a convert to the opinion which he was employed to confute. In 1603 he was appointed professor of divinity at Leyden, where his lectures made a great noise, and brought off many from the rigid doctrines which had hitherto prevailed on the divine decrees. His great adversary was Gomarus, with whom he held several conferences. La 1607 he wrote an admirable apology to the elector palatine, respecting the disputes in which he was then engaged on the controverted points. It is supposed that these fierce dissensions occasioned the illness of which he died, in 1609.

Arminius was esteemed an excellent preacher: his voice was low, but very agreeable; and his pronunciation adinirable: he was easy and affable to persons of all ranks, and facetious in his conversation amongst his friends. His great desire was, that Christians would bear with one another in all controversies which did not affect the fundamentals of their religion; and when they persecuted each other for points, of indifference, it gave him the utmost dissat faction. The curators of the university of Leyden had so great a regard for him, that they settled a pension upon his wife and children.

He left several works, viz. 1. Disputationes de diversis Christianæ religionis capitibus. 2. Orationes, itemque tractatus insigniores aliquot. 3. Examen modesti libelli Gulieuni Perkinsii de prædestinationis modo et ordine, itemque de amplitudine gratiæ divinæ. 4. Analysis capitis noni ad Romanos. 5. Disser tatio de vero et genuino sensu capitis septimi epistolæ ad Romanos. 6. Amica collatio cum D. Francisco Junio de prædestinatione per literas habita. 7. Epistola ad Hippolytuni a collibus.

ARMI POTENCE. s. (from arma and pe tentia, Lat.) Power in war.

ARMIPOTENT. a. (armipotens, Latin.) Powerful in arms; mighty in war (Dryden). A'RMISTICE. s. (armistitium, Lat.) A short truce.

A'RMLET. s. (from arm.) 1. A little arm, 2. A piece of armour for the arm. 3. A braces let for the arm (Donne).

ARMOISIN, a silk stuff, or kind of taffety, manufactured in the East Indies, also at Lyons, and at Lucca.

ARMONIACK. s. (erroneously so written for ammoniack.) A sort of volatile salt. See AMMONIACK.

ARMONICA, (from quis, harmony,) is a name which Dr. Franklin has given to a musical instrument constructed with drinking glasses. It is well known, that a drinkingglass yields a sweet tone, by passing a wet finger round its brim. Mr. Puckeridge, of Ireland, was the first who thought of playing tunes formed of these toues. He collecicla number of glasses of different sizes, fixed them near each other on a table, and tuned them of

putting into them water, more or less, as each note required. Mr. Delaval, F. R. S. made an instrument in imitation of that which was contrived by Mr. Puckeridge; and from this instrument, Dr. Franklin took the hint of constructing his armonica.

The glasses for this musical instrument are blown as near as possible in the form of he mispheres, having each an open neck or socket in the middle. The thickness of the glass near the brim is about one tenth of an inch, increasing towards the neck, which in the largest glasses is about an inch deep, and an inch and a half wide within; but these dimensions lessen, as the size of the glasses diminishes, only observing that the neck of the smallest should not be shorter than half an inch. The diameter of the largest glass is nine inches, and that of the smallest three inches: between these there are twenty-three different sizes, differing from each other a quarter of an inch in diameter. For making a single instrument, there should be at least six glasses blown of each size, and out of these, thirty-seven glasses (which are sufficient for three octaves with all the semitones) may be found, that will either yield the note required, or one a little sharper, and fitting so well into each other, as to taper regularly from the largest to the smallest. The glasses being chosen, and the note for which each glass is intended being marked upon it with a diamond, they are to be tuned by diminishing the thickness of those that are too sharp, which is done by grinding them round from the neck towards the brim, comparing, by means of a well-tuned harpsichord, the tone drawn from the glass by your finger, with the note you want, as sounded by the corresponding string of the harpsichord. The largest glass in the instrument is G, a little below the reach of a common voice; and the highest G, including three complete octaves: and they are distinguished by painting the apparent parts of the glasses withinside, every semitone white, and the other notes of the octave with the seven prismatic colours; so that glasses of the same colour (the white excepted) are always octaves to each other.

When the glasses are tuned, they are to be fixed on a round spindle of hard iron, an inch in diameter at the thickest end, and tapering to a quarter of an inch at the smallest. For this purpose, the neck of each glass is fitted with a cork, projecting a little without the neck; these corks are perforated with holes of different diameters, according to the dimension of the spindle in that part of it where they are to be fixed. The glasses are all placed within one another; the largest on the biggest end of the spindle, with the neck outwards; the next in size is put into the other, leaving about an inch of its brim above the brim of the first; and the others are put on in the same order. From these exposed parts of each glass, the tone is drawn, by laying a finger upon one of them, as the spindle and glasses turn round. The spindle thus prepared, is fixed horizontally in the middle of a box, and made to turn on

brass gudgeons at each end. A square shank comes from its thickest end through the box; on which shank a wheel is fixed by a screw! this will serve, like a fly, to make the motion equable, when the spindle is turned by the foot like a spinning-wheel. The wheel is eighteen inches in diameter, and conceals near its circumference about twenty-five pounds of lead, and may be made of mahogany. An ivory pin is fixed in the face of the wheel, about four inches from the axis, over which is put the loop of the string, that comes up from the moveable step to give it motion. The box is about three feet long, eleven inches wide at the biggest end, and five inches at the smallest end: it is made with a lid, which opens at the middle of its height, and turns up by backhinges. The instrument, thus completed, stands on a neat frame with four legs. This instrument is played upon by sitting before it, as before the keys of a harpsichord, turning the spindle with the foot, and wetting the glasses now and then with a spunge and clean water. The fingers should be first soaked in water, and rubbed occasionally with fine chalk, to make them catch the glass, and bring out the tone more readily. Different parts may be played together, by using both hands; and the tones are best drawn out, when the glasses turn from the ends of the fingers, not when they turn to them.

The advantages of this instrument are, that its tones are incomparably sweet beyond those of any other; that they may be swelled and softened at pleasure, by stronger or weaker pressures of the finger, and continued to any length.

ARMORACIA. (Armoracia, from Armorica, the country from whence it was brought.) See RAPHANUS RUSTICANUS.

A'RMORER. s. (armorier, Fr.) 1. He that makes armour, or weapons (Pope). 2. He that dresses another in armour (Shakspeare).

ARMO'RIAL. a. (armorial, Fr.) Belonging to the arms or escutcheons of a family.

ARMORICA, the name anciently given to all the northern and western part of Gaul. It denotes the same as our word maritime.

ARMORIST. s. (from armour.) A person skilled in heraldry.

ARMOUR, à defensive habit, wherewith to cover and secure the body from the effects of any offensive weapon. In ancient statutes this is frequently called harness. A compl e armour anciently consisted of a casque or helm, a gorget, cuirass, gantlets, tasses, brassets, cuishes, and covers for the legs, to which the spurs were fastened. This they called armour cap-a-pie; and was worn by cavaliers and men at armis. The infantry had only part of it, viz. a pot or head-piece, a cuirass and tasses; but all of them made light. Lastly, the horses themselves had their armour, wherewith to cover the head and neck. Of all this furniture of war, scarcely any thing is now retained except the cuirass; the gorget or neckpiece, worn by officers, being at present only a badge of honour, and of no defence.

ARMOUR, COAT, is the escutcheon of any

stinguish it from others, and which no person is suffered to assume without committing a crime, which sovereigns have a right to restrain and punish.

Arms of Alliance, are those which families, or private persons, take up and join to their own, to denote the alliances they have contracted by marriage. This sort of arms is either impaled, or borne in an escutcheon of pretence, by those who have married heiresses. Arms of Succession, are such as are taken up by them who inherit certain estates, manors, &c. either by will, entail, or donation, and which they either impale or quarter with their own arms; which multiplies the titles of some families out of necessity, and not through ostentation, as many imagine.

These are the eight classes under which the different sorts of arms are generally ranged; but there is a sort which blazoners call assumptive arms, being such as are taken up by the caprice or fancy of upstarts, though of ever so mean extraction, who, being advanced to a degree of fortune, assume them without a legal title. This, indeed, is a great abuse of heraldry; and common only in Britain, for on the continent no such practice takes place.

Arms, pass of, a combat among the ancient cavaliers.

Arms, stand of, contains a musket, a bayonet, sword, belt, and cartridge box.

Arms of parade, those used in the ancient tournaments: as unshod lances, wooden swords,

&c.

ARMSTRONG (John), a poet and physician, was born at Castleton in Roxburgshire, where his father and brother were ministers. He took his degree of M.D. at Edinburgh, in 1732. In 1735 he published an anonymous tract, entituled, An Essay for abridging the Study of Physic. In 1737 appeared his Synopsis of the History and Cure of the Venereal Disease, 8vo. Not long after came out his Economy of Love, a poem, in which he has caught the spirit of Ovid, with his licentiousness. In the edition of 1768, the author purged this piece of many offensive passages: it is still, however, so obscene, as to render it impossible to recommend it to general perusal, although it contains many beautiful passages. In 1744 he published The Art of preserving Health, one of the best didactic poems in our language. In 1746 he was appointed one of the physicians to the military hospital behind Buckingham-house. In 1758, he printed Sketches, or Essays on various Subjects, by Launcelot Temple, esq. In 1760 he was appointed physician to the army in Germany, and the next year wrote a poem called Day, an Epistle to John Wilkes of Aylesbury, esq. In the letter he threw out a reflection upon Churchill, which drew on him the resentment of that satirist. Dr. Armstrong published a collection of Miscellanies in 1770, in 2 vols. 12mo. and the year following, a short Ramble through some Parts of France and Italy, by Launcelot Temple. In 1773 appeared his Medical Essays, in 1 vol. 4to. He died in 1779.

ARMUYDEN, a sca-port town of Zealand, one of the Seven United Provinces. It was once a flourishing town, but is now inconsiderable, its harbour being stopped up. Its saltworks are its chief resource. Lat. 51, 31 N. Lon. 3. 42 E.

ARMY, a large number of soldiers, consisting of horse and foot, completely armed, and provided with artillery, ammunition, provision, &c. under the command of one general, having lieutenant-generals, major-generals, brigadiers, and other officers, under him. An army is composed of squadrons and battalions; and is usually divided into three corps, and formed into three lines: the first line is called the vanguard, the second the main body, and the third the rear-guard, or body of reserve. The centre is possessed by the foot; the cavalry form the right and left wing of each line; and sometimes they place squadrons of horse in the intervals between the battalions. When the army is drawn up in order of battle, the horse are placed at five feet distance from each other, and the foot at three. In each line the battalions are distant from each other 180 feet, which is nearly equal to the extent of their front; and the same holds good of the squadrons, which are about 300 feet distant, the extent of their own front. These intervals are left for the squadrons and battalions of the second line to range themselves against the intervals of the first, that both may inore readily march through these spaces to the enemy. The first line is usually 300 feet distant from the second, and the second from the third, that there may be sufficient room to rally when the squadrons and battalions are broken.

An army sometimes acquires different appellations from the particular services in which it is employed, A covering army is that which covers a place, by lying encamped for the protection of the different passes which lead to the principal object of defence. An army is said to blockade a place when, being well provided with heavy artillery, &c. it is employed to invest a town for the purpose of reducing it by assault or famine. An army of observation is so called because, by its advanced positions and desultory movements, it is constantly enployed in watching the enemy. Such is a body of troops engaged by besiegers to prevent relief being brought into a place, or the siege being raised by the enemy. An army of reserve is a sort of general depot for effective service. In cases of emergency, the whole, or part of an army of reserve, is employed to recover a lost day, or to secure a victory. A flying army is a strong body of horse and foot, usually commanded by a lieutenant-general, which is always in motion, to cover its own garrisons, or to keep the enemy in perpetual alarm.

The first standing army that appeared in Europe, after the fall of the Roman legions, was that established in France by Charles VII. A. D. 1445. Such an establishment, however, was so repugnant to the genius of feudal po icy, and so incompatible with the principles and

pretensions of the nobility, that during several centuries no monarch was either so bold or so powerful as to venture on any step towards introducing it. Charles VII. under pretence of keeping always on foot a force sufficient to defend the kingdom against any sudden invasion of the English, when he disbanded his other troops, retained under arms a body of 9000 cavalry, and of 16000 infantry.

The first standing military force in Britain was that garrison in Dover castle, which, by resisting the arms of the dauphin of France, invited by the barons to their succour in their contest with king John, saved the kingdom of England from a foreign dynasty.

The regular army established by Charles II. consisted at first of little more than 5000 men, including garrisons abroad. In 1684 the standing army amounted to 8000 men; that on the Irish establishment having been at the same time augmented to 7000. During the two succeeding reigns the army was much increased, as the nation was engaged in continental wars. Under Geo. I. in 1717, the forces voted by parliament amounted to 10000 men. The standing army was much augmented during the following reign, on account of foreign wars, and internal disturbances. Every successive war has increased the establishment of the army in proportion to our acquisition of foreign territory. At the conclusion of the American contest, the forces were reduced to about 40000 men for Great Britain and Ireland: and the peace establishment of 1802 consisted of 128,999 men, including 17,000 cavalry, six regiments of colour in the West Indies, amounting to 4158 men, and the foreign corps of Swiss, &c. estimated at 5530. See CAVALRY, FENCIBLES, FOOT,GRENADIERS, GUARDS,

ARNA, or ARNE, a small territory of Greece, in Thessaly; the name of which, as well as that of its metropolis, were derived from Arne the daughter of olus, by whose son Bocotius it was built.

ARNAUL, a fortified island on the western coast of the higher peninsula of India, commanding the entrance of the Angassyah or Mandavce river, between Bombay and Surat. ARNDORF, a town of Gerinany, in the circle of Bavaria, and principality of Saltzbach, four miles east of Kemnat.

ARNE (Thomas Augustine), an English musician, was born in 1710. His father was an upholsterer in Covent-garden. He had his education at Eton, and was afterwards articled to an attorney; but music had more charms for him than the law, and he soon abandoned the desk for the fiddle: his proficiency was so great, that in no long time he was engaged as leader of the band at Drury-lane; and in 1733, he composed the music for Addison's opera of Rosamond, which was received with universal applause. In 1738, he acquired great credit by setting Milton's Comus. In 1740, he set Mallet's masque of Alfred, in which first apred the song of Rule Britannia. He had * success in setting popular ballads to music.

In 1759, the university of Oxford conferred a him the degree of doctor of music. He d in 1778, of a spasm of the lungs.

ARNEHEIM, a town of Guelderland, b longing to the United Provinces. It is an ancient city, and was surrounded by a wall bu by Otho IV. count of Guelderland. Lat. 52 2 N. Lou. 5. 50 E.

ARNICA. In botany, a genus of the chs and order syngenesia, polygamia superflua. Re ceptacle naked; down simple; calyx equi; florets of the margin generally with five ni ments destitute of anthers. Twenty-four specte chiefly natives of the Alps and the Cape. (The name is Greck, apvien; from ass, a lamb, be cause of the likeness of the leaf of this plant to the coat of the lamb.) The Doconicum germ nicum. Mountain arnica. Arnica montin of Linnéus. Arnica foliis ovatis integris; can linis geminis oppositis, constitutes an artica in various pharmacopoeias. The flowers d this plant are very generally employed on the continent. Of the advantages derived from their use in paralytic and other affections de pending upon a want of nervous energy, there are several proofs; and their extraordinary virtues as a febrifuge and antiseptic, have beca highly extolled. Much caution is necessary in regulating the dose, as it is a medicine very apt to produce vomiting and much uneasiness of the stomach.

ARNICA MONTANA. The systematic nume for the arnica of the pharmacopoeias. S ARNICA.

ARNICASUEDENSIS. SeeCONYZAMEDIA, ARNO, the most considerable river of T cany, in Italy. It rises in Florence, and fals into the Tuscan Sea, a little below Pisa.

ARNOLD of Brescia, in Italy, distinguis ed himself by being the founder of a sect, which opposed the wealth and power of the Romish clergy. He went into France, where he studied under the celebrated Peter Abelard. Upon s return to Italy, he put on the habit of a monk, and maintained in his sermons, that the poe and the clergy ought not to enjoy any temporal estate; and that those ecclesiastics who had my estates of their own, or held any lands, wen entirely cut off from the least hopes of salvation: that the clergy ought to subsist upon the airs and voluntary contributions of Christians; ad that all other revenues belonged to princes and states, in order to be disposed of amongst the laity, as they thought proper. He maintained also several heresies with regard to baptism and the Lord's supper. St. Bernard has drawo his character in very strong colours. Would to God (says he) that his doctrine was as holy as his life is strict: would you know what son d man this is? Arnold of Brescia is a man th neither eats nor drinks; who, like the devil, a hungry and thirsty after the blood of souls; who goes to and fro upon the earth, and s always doing among strangers what he canust do ainongst his own country men; who ranges like a roaring lion, always seeking whom he may devour: an enemy to the cross of Christ, an author of discords, an inventor of schiums,