EBA, ABD: (fig. 14.) which have AB com

mon.

Adjacent angles, are those of which a leg of the one produced forms a leg of the other: as the angles AEC and BEC, (fig. 12.) which have the legs AE and EB in a straight line. Hence adjacent angles are supplements to each other, making together 1800, or two right angles.

Vertical or opposite angles, are such as have their legs mutually continuations of each other: as CEA and BED, or CEB and AED, (fig. 12.) Vertical or opposite angles are always equal to each other: as AED=CEB.

Alternate angles, are those made on the opposite sides of a line cutting two parallel lines. See ALTERNATE ANGLES.

Angle at the centre of a circle, is an angle in a circle, whose vertex is in the centre of that circle: as AEC, fig. 1. pl. 13.

Angle at the periphery, or in a segment, is an angle whose vertex is in the periphery, and its legs two chords of the circle. Thus AB, BC, are two chords of the circle ABCD, (fig. 1.) making an angle B at'the periphery, which is called an angle in a segment.

This angle is always equal to half the angle at the centre, standing upon the same arch. Also, all angles in a segment, standing upon the same arch, are equal to one another. Thus the angles ABC, AGC, AFC, are equal, and are each equal to half the angle AEC at the

centre.

If the right line AB (fig. 13. pl. 12.) touch the circle in C, and the chord CD be drawn, then will the angle ACD be equal to any angle CED, made in the segment DEC.

When the arch is a semicircle, the angle will be a right angle. Thus if the arch ABC (fig. 15.) be a semicircle, the angle ABC will be a right angle. When it is greater than a semicircle, the angle will be acute; but when less, it will be obtuse.

Angle of contact, is that made by a curve line and a tangent to it, at the point of contact; as the angle IHK (fig. 11. pl. 12.) It is proved by Euclid, that the angle of contact between a right line and a circle, is less than any rightlined angle whatever; though it does not therefore follow that it is of no magnitude or quantity. This has been the subject of great disputes amongst geometricians, in which Peletarius, Clavius, Tacquet, Wallis, &c. bore a considerable share, Peletarius, Ozanam, and Wallis contending that it is no angle at all, against Clavius, who rightly asserts that it is not absolutely nothing in itself, but only of no magnitude in comparison with a right-lined angle, being a quantity of a different kind or nature; as a line in respect to a surface, or a surface in respect to a solid, &c. And since his time, it has been proved by sir I. Newton, and others, that angles of contact can be compared to each other, though not to right-lined angles, and what are the proportions which they bear to each other. Thus, the circular angles of contact IHK, IHL, are to each other

in the reciprocal subduplicate ratio of the dia meters HM, HN. And hence the circular angle of contact may be divided, by describing intermediate circles, into any number of parts, and in any proportion. And if, instead of circles, the curves be parabolas, and the point of contact H the common vertex of their axes; the angles of contact would then be reciprocally in the subduplicate ratio of their parameters. But in such elliptical and hyperbolical angles of contact, these will be reciprocally in the subduplicate of the ratio compounded of the ratios of the parameters, and the transverse axes. See Hutton's Dictionary, and Maclaurin's Flux. vol. ii. p. 473--474.

Angles, in mechanics. 1. Angle of direction, is that comprehended between the lines of direction of two conspiring forces. 2. Angle of elevation, is that which is comprehended between the line of direction, and any plane upon which the projection is made, whether horizontal or oblique.

Angle of incidence, in optics, the angle which a ray of light makes with a perpendicular to that point of the surface of any medium on which it falls; though it is sometimes understood of the angle which it makes with the surface itself.

Angle of refraction, now generally means the angle which a ray of light, refracted by any medium, makes with a perpendicular to that point of the surface, on which it was incident; but has sometimes been understood of the angle which it makes with the surface of the refracting medium itself. It is a constant law of refraction that the ratio of the sines of incidence and refraction, is a fixed ratio, whatever be the obliquity of the incident ray, the media remaining. See REFRACTION.

Angle in astronomy. As angles of commutation, elongation, parallactic angle, &c. See COMMUTATION, ELONGATION, &c.

Angle at the sun, the angle under which the distance of a planet from the ecliptic appears at the sun.

Angle of obliquity of the ecliptic. See, ECLIPTIC, and OBLIQUITY.

Angle of longitude, the angle which the circle of a star's longitude makes with the meridian at the pole of the ecliptic.

Angle of the rhumb, in navigation. Sea RHUMB, and LAXODROMIC.

Angles, in fortification, are understood of those formed by the several lines used in fortifying, or making a place defensible.

These are of two sorts; real, and imaginary. Real angles are those which actually subsist and appear in the works.-Such are the flanked angle, the angle of the epaule, angle of the flank, and re-entering angle of the counterscarp.-Imaginary, or occult angles, are those which are only subservient to the construction, and which subsist no more after the fortification is drawn.-Such are the angle of the centre, angle of the polygon, flanking angle, saliant angle of the counterscarp, &c.

Angle of, or at, the centre, is the angle formed

at the centre of the polygon, by two radii drawn from the centre to two adjacent angles, and subtended by a side of it; as the angle ACB, (fig. 2. pl. 13.) This is found by dividing 360° by the number of sides in the regular polygon.

Angle of the polygon, is the angle intercepted between two sides of the polygon; as DAB, or ABE. This is the supplement of the angle at the centre, and is therefore found by subtracting the angle C from 180 degrees.

Angle of the triangle, is half the angle of the polygon; as CAB, or CBA; and is therefore half the supplement of the angle C at the

centre.

Angle of the bastion, is the angle FAG made by the two faces of the bastion. And is otherwise called the flanked angle.

Diminished angle, is the angle BAG made by the meeting of the exterior side of the polygon with the face AG of the bastion.

Angle of the curtin, or of the flank, is the angle GHI made between the curtin and the flank.

Angle of the epaule, or shoulder, is the angle AGH made by the flank and the face of the bastion.

Angle of the tenaille, or exterior flanking angle, is the angle AKB made by the two rasant lines of defence, or the faces of two bastions produced.

Angle of the counterscarp, is the angle made by the two sides of the counterscarp, meeting before the middle of the curtin.

Angle, flanking inward, is the angle made by the flanking line with the curtin.

Angle forming the flank, is that consisting of one flank and one demigorge.

Angle forming the face, is that composed of

one flank and one face.

Angle of the moat, is that made before the eurtin, where it is intersected.

Re-entering, or re-entrant angle, is that whose vertex is turned inwards, towards the place; as H or I.

Saliant, or sortant angle, is that turned outwards, advancing its point towards the field; as A or G.

Dead angle, is a re-entering angle, which is not flanked or defended.

ANGLE. S. (angel, German.) An instrument to take fish, consisting of a rod, a line, and a hook (Pope).

To ANGLE. u. a. (from the noun.) 1. To fish with a rod and hook (Waller). 2. To try to gain by some insinuating artifices (Shakspeare).

ANGLE-BERRIES. Excrescences towhich cows are subject chiefly about the abdomen. They are commonly sarcomatous, sometimes with a broad base and sometimes hanging from a pedicle. They are easily removed by excision on their first appearance; and even after wards, if of the latter description, by passing a tight ligature round the base of the pedicle. If the base of the excrescence be broad it should be dissected out.

AʼNGLE-ROD. s. (angel roede, Dutch.) The stick to which the fisher's line and hook are hung (Addison).

A'NGLER. See LOPHIUS.

ANGLER. S. (from angle.) He that fishes with an angle (Dryden).

ANGLES, an ancient German nation, originally a branch of the Suevi: after various migrations they settled in that part of Denmark which is still called Angel, and of which Flensburg is the capital. To this nation the British ambassadors applied, when soliciting succours against the Scots and Picts. The Angles, therefore, came over in greater numbers than any other Saxon nation; and accordingly had the honour of giving the name of Anglia to England.

ANGLESEA, or ANGLESEY, (isle of,) is the most western county of North Wales. It was anciently called Mona, and was the seat of the Druids. It contains about 200,000 acres, nearly 5000 of which are uncultivated. It is divided into 6 hundreds, having 74 parishes, 2 market towns, and about 34000 persons. This county is fertile; abounding in corn, cattle, fish, and fowl.

This island once formed a part of the main land of Wales. The chief town is Beaumaris. The greatest curiosity which Anglesea can boast, and the chief source of its wealth, is the Paris mountain, the name of which is most probably derived from the old Welsh word "Praos," signifying "brass," which might easily be corrupted into Paris. The coppermines in this part of the island are supposed to have been known and worked by the Romans. The mine of this mountain is considerably more than a mile in circumference; and, on an average, 1300 men are constantly employed in it. It has the singular advantage of being worked in the open air; a circumstance which expedites the labour, and secures the health of those that are employed.

ANGLIA EAST, in history, one of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy, founded by the Angles that landed on the eastern coasts of Britain. It contained the two counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, with part of Cambridgeshire. Ethelbert, the last sovereign of this kingdom, was murdered, by Offa, king of Mercia, in 792: after which East Anglia was united with Mercia.

ANGLICANÆ GUTTÆ. See GUTTEA'NGLICISM. s. (from Anglus, Lat.) An English idiom (Milton).

ANGLICUS SUDÓR. (from Anglia, England, and sudor, sweat.) The sweating sickness; a disease once sporadic to Englishmen, or endemic to the country, but now no longer in existence.

ANGLING, the art of catching fishes by rods, hooks, and lines; accompanied often with floats and other tackle, of different construction, with baits natural or artificial, according to the season of the year and the fish intended to be caught. The species of fishes wluch chiefly engage the attention of the angler, are bream

chub, barbel, smelt, salmon, grayling, gudgeon, bleak, dace, roach, perch, pope, carp, tench, trout, pike, eel. In illustration of the soundings, seasons, baits, and floats, see the table in the next page.

For the rod, the hazel, and especially the tob-nut, affords the best, straightest, and most tapering wood; which should be cut about Christmas, and not used till duly seasoned.

The rod should generally consist of three or four parts, diminishing in size with nicety, but with their approximating ends exactly fitted to each other whether glued together, so as to form one inseparable piece, or feruled so as to slide into each other at will. To preserve it from moisture, and especially, to maintain its elasticity, it should be varnished with scraped caoutchouc or Indian rubber, dissolved in linseed oil, with a moderate proportion of seed or shell lac, applied with a camel-hair pencil. The salmon rod, all but the whalebone top, is usually made of ash, as being the lightest wood but sometimes, the rod for general purposes is composed of different woods; the but being of yellow deal, seven feet long; next a straight hazel of about six feet; and then a delicate piece of fine grained yew, accurately tapered and ending in a point of whalebone, measuring together about two feet.

The hairs most proper for the line is that taken from a young, healthy, grey or white stallion; and which is of a pale transparent water colour; that from the middle of the tail is best. They should be well washed in water, and slowly dried. They should be also well sorted; for every hair in every link should be equally big, round and even, that the strength be so proportionate, that they will not break singly, but all together. Sorrel, chesnut, or brown hairs, however, are best for ground angling, especially in muddy water, as they nearly resemble the colour of the water.

may

Floats are of many kinds; of swan, goose, Muscovy duck, and porcupine quills. They should be so loaded as just to suffer their tops to appear above the surface, that the slightest nibble may be perceived. But for heavy fishing with worm or minnow, a cork float is best; which is made by taking a cork free from flaws, and boring with a small red hot iron a hole lengthways through the centre: it is then to be cut across the grain with a sharp knife about two thirds of the length; and the remaining third (which is the top of the float) rounded with it, and then neatly finished with pumice-stone; the whole to resemble in shape a child's pegtop. In fishing with a float, the line should be a foot shorter than the rod: if longer it is inconvenient when a fish is wanted to be disengaged; and the rod should be from fourteen to fifteen feet long, light, stiff, and so smart in the spring as to strike at the extremity of the whale-bone.

The hooks demanded in the general science of angling are far more diversified than the floats, and must be for the most part adapted to the species of fish intended to be fished for.

Their excellence depends on their being so tempered as not to snap, and yet not to bend with the force of the fingers. In choosing them those should be preferred that are longest in the shank, strong, and rather deep in the bed; the point fine and straight, and as true as it can be set to the level of the shank; the point should be sharp, and the barb of an ample length. When hooks are blunt a small whetstone will restore their sharpness much better than a file, which always leaves them rough and jagged.

When the angler means to fish at bottom he must take care to have with him a general assortment of tackle, independently of that already enumerated: such as different kinds of lines neatly coiled up, strong single hairs, hooks untied of various sorts, as well as hooks tied to bottom links of coarse and fine gimp, of twisted and single silk-worm gut, of hog's bristles, and of white and sorrel hair: he must likewise be provided with cork and quill floats and spare caps; shot split and small pistol bullets to poise the floats; shoemaker's wax in a piece of leather, for the purpose of arming the hooks; silk of various sizes and colours; recollecting that hooks for worm-fishing and red-paste are usually tied on with scarlet; those for gentles with yellow paste; and for grubs with straw-coloured silk: a plummet to ascertain the depth of the water when a float is used; a clearing-ring to disentangle the hook, which is used by running it along and over the top of the rod, and gradually down the line to where the hook is fast, if at a stump or other immoveable substance; but if it be hung to weeds, let the ring get below the hook, then pull the twine, and the ring will break the weeds, and thus save both line and hook. In the former case if it do not release the hook, it will enable the line to be broken near to it, and prevent the line from being strained in any other part. The angler must also be provided with a sharp pen-knife, pair of scissars, small whetstone, landing-net, disgorger, and light fishbasket, pannier or creel. Of coloured clothes green is the best to angle in, as the least likely to excite attention among fishes; but glaring colours should by all means be avoided. In a pond the best place to try our sport is where cattle go to drink, for the harmless disturbances they are accustomed to in such places the fish keep free from suspicion. Deep waters are preferable to shallow, as being less agitated by wind and weather. The best season for angling is from April to October; the best times of the day from three till nine in the morning, and from three till dark in the afternoon.

The annexed table contains a useful catalogue of the different fishes that constitute the chief subject of angling, of the places where found, season, time of angling, depth, and baits. We extract it from Mr. Daniel's Rural Sports: but shall give a more particular description under the several names of the fishes that are most celebrated for anusement.

In the middle of March, till which time no man should catch a trout, or in April, if the weather be dark, or a little windy or cloudy, the best fishing is with the palmer-worm; but of this there are divers kinds, or at least of divers colours; the palmer-worm and the mayfly are the ground of all fly-angling; they are to be thus made.

First, arm your hook with the line in the inside of it, then take your scissars, and cut as much of a brown mallard's feather as will make its wings, having regard to the size of your hook; lay the outmost part of your feather next your hook, then the point of the feather next the shank of your hook; and having so done, whip it three or four times about the hook with the same silk with which your hook was armed; and having made the silk fast, tack the hackle of a cock or capon's neck, or a plover's top, which is usually better: strip off the one side of the feather, and then take the hackle, silk, or crewel, gold or silver thread, make these fast at the bent of the hook, or below your arming; then take the hackle, the silver or gold thread, and work it up to the wings, shifting or still removing your finger, as you turn the silk about the hook; and still looking at every stop or turn, that your gold, or what materials soever you may make your fly of, lie right and neatly; and if you find they do so, when you have formed the head, make all fast: then work your hackle up to the head, and make that fast; and with a needle or pin divide the wing into two; with the arming silk whip itabout cross-ways betwixt the wings, and with your thumb turn the point of the feather towards the bent of the hook, and work three or four times about its shank, view the proportion, and if all be neat and to your liking, fasten the silk.

No direction, however, can make a man of a dull capacity work a fly well; and yet these rules with a little practice, will help an ingenious angler in a good degree: but to see a fly made by an artist is the best mode of learning; and then an ingenious angler may walk by the river side, and mark whatever flies fall on the water that day, and catch one of them, if he see the trout leap at a fly of that kind, and having always hooks ready hung with him, and a bag also with him, with bear's hair, or the hair of a brown heifer, hackles of a cock or capon, several coloured silks, and crewel to make the body of the fly, the feathers of a drake's head, black or brown sheep's wool, or hog's wool, or hair, thread of gold and of silver; silk of several colours, especially sad-coloured, to make the fly's head; having these with him in a bag, he may imitate and hit off the fly to a perfection that none can well teach him; and if he have the luck to hit also where there is store of trouts, a dark day, and a right wind, he will catch such numbers of them as will encourage him to grow more and more in love with the art of fly-making.

Let him not fail then to be provided with bear's hair of divers colours; as grey, dun,

light and dark coloured, bright brown, and that which shines: also camel's hair, dark, light, and of a colour between both: badger's hair, or fur: spaniel's hair from behind the ear, light and dark brown, blackish and black: hog's down, which may be had about Christmas of butchers, or rather of those that make brawn; it should be plucked from under the throat, and other soft places of the hog, and must be of the following colours, viz. black, red, whitish, and sandy; and for other colours, you may get them dyed at a dyer's; seal's fur is to be had at the trunk-maker's; get this also dyed of the colours of cow's and calf's hair, in all the different shades, from the light to the darkest brown; cow's or calf's hair are harsh, and will never work kindly, nor lie handsomely: get mohairs, black, blue, purple, white, violet, Isabella, which colour is described as of a bright gold colour purple; philomot, from feuille morte, a dead leaf, yellow and orange: camlets, both hair and worsted, blue, yellow, dun, light and dark brown, red, violet, purple, black, horse-flesh, pink, and orange colours. Some recommend the hair of abortive colts and calves; but seal's fur, dyed as above, is much better.

A piece of an old Turkey carpet will furnish excellent dubbing; untwist the yarn, and pick out the wool, carefully separating the different colours, and lay it by.

Some use for dubbing barge sail, concerning which we observe that the sails of west-country and other barges, when old, are usually converted into tilts, under which there is almost a continual smoke arising from the fire and the steam of the beef-kettle which all such barges carry, and which, in time, dyes the tilt of a fine brown; this would be excellent dubbing, but that the material of these sails is sheep's wool, which soaks in the water, and soon becomes very heavy: however, get of this as many different shades as you can, and have seal's fur and hog-wool dyed to match them;" which, as they are more turgid, stiff, and light, and so float better, are in most cases to be preferred to worsted, crewels, and indeed to every other kind of wool; and observe that the hogwool is best for large, and the seal's fur for small flies.

Get also furs of the following animals, viz. the squirrel, particularly from his tail; fox cub, from the tail, where it is downy and of an ash colour, an old fox, an old otter, otter cub, badger, fulimart, or filmart; a hare, from the neck, where it is of the colour of withered fern; and, above all, the yellow fur of the marten, from the gills or spots under the jaws. All these, and almost every other kind of fur, are easily got at the furrier's.

Hackles are a very important article in flymaking: they are the long slender feathers that hang from the head of a cock down his neck; there may also be fine ones got from near the tail: be careful that they are not too rank, which they are when the fibres are more than half an inch long; and for some purposes these