to be achieved unless, in all provinces, the activities of the various departments concerned are co-ordinated by development boards, advisory committees, or officers charged with the specific duty of securing combined action towards a given end. Development boards exist in some provinces, advisory committees in all. They are not without their value in bringing departments together and in interesting the leaders of public opinion in departmental activities. But there are definite limits to the extent to which governments may properly or usefully delegate the performance of their functions. The responsibility for framing policy, and for combining the activities of two or more departments in order to give effect to that policy, must remain that of Government and of Government alone.

It is no part of our duty to make recommendations regarding the internal organisation by which governments should seek to effect coordination. We would, however, point out that, in Indian conditions, a very special measure of responsibility in this direction falls upon the Viceroy and upon the Governors of provinces. Throughout our enquiry, we have been much impressed by the extent to which the Viceroy can, by the display of a personal interest in agricultural matters, forward the cause of India's premier industry. But the immediate responsibility of provincial Governors in this matter is the heavier, since the services most directly concerned with rural development are administered by provincial agency, and since it is they alone who provide a link between the reserved and the transferred departments. The responsibility of the Ministers in charge of the transferred departments, which include all those most directly concerned with rural welfare, is also a heavy one and they will need all the assistance that strong secretariats with senior and experienced administrators at their head can give them.

But though we hold it to be the duty of governments to initiate a combined movement for the betterment of the rural population, we recognise that success on a large scale can be rendered permanent only if the sympathy, interest, and active support of the general public can be enlisted. So vast is the population and so extensive are the areas concerned, that no resources which could conceivably be commanded by the State would be adequate to the task in hand.

to

Our recommendations extend to so wide a field that it has not been possible for us to frame any exact estimate of the cost of such of our proposals as involve expenditure or to classify them in order of urgency. We would express the earnest hope that, as the funds necessary to carry out the policy of rural development we have attempted outline become available, the various legislatures will be willing to place them at the disposal of the appropriate departments. We are confident that the members of those legislatures will play their part in creating a public opinion favourable to the advancement of a great endeavour. Our enquiry has convinced us that, given the opportunity, the cultivators of India will be found willing and able to apply in progressive degree the services of science and of organisation to the business of agricultural production.

INDEX

(The figures refer to pages)

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES, THE GOVERNMENT :

Admission to, Intermediate science examination should be made qualification for, 68. Creation of, 2.

CURRICULA:

Degree or diploma course, more attention should be raid to agricultural economics, 68.

Estate management, more attention should be paid to training in, 68.

Miscellaneous short courses, importance of, 68.

Practical training, facilities for, should be provided, 69.

Objects of, 68.

STAFF:

The Principal, importance of; should be whole-time officer, 69.

Other college staff should be carefully selected; field of selection for, might be widened, 69.

Teaching and research, combination of, beneficial, 69.

Training of new superior provincial services:

Post-graduate training after college degree, essential, 69.

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: Famine Commissions of 1880, 1898 and 1901 as landmarks in, 1.

Central:

Establishment of Pusa, 2.

Provincial:

Establishment of the agricultural colleges, 2.

district Organisation, 2.

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING :

Important section of agricultural departments, 12. should be completely Reorganised, 12.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY :

Aim which agricultural departments should set themselves, 13.

Desirability of manufacture of new types in India and encouragement of, 13.
Need for careful selection of engineer in charge of, 13.

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, ORGANISATION OF :

CENTRAL AND PROVINCIAL:

possible methods of establishing closer Contact between, 5.

Constitution of a new organisation to which both Pusa and the provincial research institutions would stand in the same relation preferred, 5.

for Details see under COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH.

Central Research Institution, see under PUSA.

Constitutional position, 4.

COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH:

Constitution, finance, functions and membership, 5-7.
Frequency of meetings, 7.

Standing Finance Committee of, 7.

Crop Committees: see under that head.
Provincial Research Committees, 6.

Universities, position of, in regard to, 8.

Director and Heads of Sections, 85.

Need for most careful selection, 85.

Pay and provident fund, 85.

Class I officers, recruitment and terms of service, 85.

Class II officers, recruitment and terms of service, 85-6. Indian Agricultural Service, account of, 79.

NEW SUPERIOR PROVINCIAL SERVICES:

Cadre:

Administrative branch, qualifications and recruitment, 83.

Research, qualifications, recruitment, post-graduate scholarships, special pay, 81-2.
Teaching, 82.

Interchange between branches, 83.

Pay, 83.

POSTS OUTSIDE THE CADRE :

Directorships of Agriculture, key posts, qualifications, selection, pay and additional pension, 80-1.

Principalships of Agricultural Colleges, importance of, selection, increased pay recommended for, 80-1.

Probationary period, 83.

Recruitment from abroad, statement of policy regarding, 86

Relations between, in different provinces, 83.

Relations with Empire Services, 83.

Safeguards for conditions of service in, 83.

Scholarships for post-graduate study, 82.

Study leave, 83.

EXISTING PROVINCIAL SERVICES (CLASS II OF NEW PROVINCIAL SERVICES)

Account of, 79.

Duties, importance of, 83-4.

Recruitment, 84.

SUBORDINATE SERVICES:

Account of, 79-80.

Duties of, require high qualities, 84.

Recruitment, 84.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY:

CATTLE:

Excessive numbers of, 20.

Effect of, in causing further deterioration, 20.

Management of, 20-1.

Where good, many fine cattle belonging to well recognised breeds to be found, 21. Policy of improvement, four cardinal points in, 21.

Council of Agricultural Research, will have a representative for, 24.

Dairying, future arrangements for instruction in, 24.

Feeding, importance of, 21.

FODDER:

Improvement possible by use of dried grass, silage, cultivation of leguminous crops, etc., 22.

Grazing grounds, measures for improving existing, 22.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY-contd.

IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, Bangalore, 23-4.

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, continuance of, under Council of Agricultural Research, recommended, 8.

CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT: see also under VETERINARY.

Contagious diseases: control of, outstanding problem for, 28.

COMMUNICATIONS:

Co-ordination, should be a policy of, between roads and railways, 43.
Expansion of, in recent years, 42.

Importance of good, for rural advancement, 42.

Railways, 43.

Freight rates, see under RAILWAY FREIGHT RATES.

ROADS.

Deterioration, evidence of, in recent years, 42.
Finance for, 43.

Organisation, central and provincial for improving, 42.

WATERWAYS:

Need for dealing with water hyacinth in Assam, Bengal and Burma, 43.
Research programme should be worked out by the Council of Agricultural
Research, 43.

CO-OPERATION:

Act of 1904, strictly limited to credit, 51.

Act of 1912, provided for non-credit activities, 51.

Audit, of healthy societies not a proper charge on public funds, 53.

Bombay, and

Burma, governed now by local Acts, 51.

Concessions to movement, financial, extension of certain, recommended, 53.

Defects in, and remedies for, 51-2.

Land Mortgage Banks, see under FINANCE OF AGRICULTURE, LONG TERM CREDIT. Government aid, four ways in which it may be given, 53.

Honorary workers, place in the movement, 52.

Importance of the movement in rural development generally, 55.

Non-credit, description of; difficulties of; no substantial progress yet made; requirements for success, 54.

REGISTRAR

tenure, 52.

importance of the post, need for assistants, qualifications for, and

Specialist officers, desirability of attaching to Registrar, and especially of attaching a deputy director of agriculture should be examined, 55.

CO-OPERATION-contd.

STAFF, OFFICIAL:

Need for highly efficient and well-trained, in all provinces, 52.

Duties, and relations with honorary workers, 52.

Training, procedure in the Punjab and Bombay recommended for adoption

elsewhere, 52-3.

Supervising agency, 53.

CROP COMMITTEES :

Creation of Central Jute Committee recommended, and finance of, 8.

CROPS:

Areas of principal, 9.

Improved varieties of:
Extent of, 11.

Introduction of, 11.

Methods of obtaining, 11.

Protection of, against insect pests, plant diseases, wild animals and vermin, existing measures and proposals, 13-4.

CULTIVATION :

Problems of, in dry and precarious tracts; need for closer attention from agricultural departments, 13.

DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK :

CIVIL VETERINARY DEPARTMENT: see under that head.

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES:

Control of, must be a responsibility of the provincial governments, 30.
Inoculation against, should be free of charge, 29.

Losses from, very serious, 28.

Rinderpest, hæmorrhagic septicemia and foot and mouth disease, chief, 28. Legislation:

Contagious Diseases of Animals Act for all British India, recommended, 30.

RINDERPEST:

Measures successful in other countries not practicable in India, 28.
Protection of the individual animal must be resorted to, 28.

Serum-alone inoculation, limitation of, 28.

Serum-simultaneous inoculation, strongly recommended, 29.

should be Popularised by use in combating outbreaks of, 29.

DEMONSTRATION AND PROPAGANDA :

Agencies other than departmental :

Taluka Development Associations and Divisional Boards of Agriculture, Bombay, 18-9.

Commended to the notice of other provincial governments, 19.

Agricultural shows, importance of, 16.

Conditions essential for successful, 15.

Co-operative movement in relation to, 19.

Deputy Director in each province for, recommended, 19.

Improved implements, 16.

METHODS:

Concentration, importance emphasised, 19.

Demonstration farms versus plots, 15-6.

Demonstration trains, 17.

Films, lectures, leaflets, limitations of, 17.

Short courses, value of, 16.

DEPRESSED CLASSES :

Awakening of interest in, 61.

Education most efficient means of improving position, 61.