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even were he a Peter or a Frederick the Great. Nor do they imagine that these evils are to be removed by imitating the revolutions of neighboring nations; but they look forward to a German development, from German principles and elements. I may refer to the matter of slavery in these United States, as a proof that there are admitted evils and maladies, which even the greatest statesmen are unable to heal at once. Did Germany contain the greatest, most important, most salutary of remedies in such abundance as America,-did she possess fertile districts of land without a master,-she would free herself with ease from the various wants and cares with which she has so often been reproached. But has nothing been done in Germany, because all is not yet done! Many young men forget, in their noble longings after further improvements, the important occurrences of the last forty years. I will not endeavor to excite your admiration by relating how the flame of victorious enthusiasm burst forth from the depths of abasement, and how Germany arose like a phoenix from her ashes; I will only allude to the internal reforms which were introduced into Prussia under the government of one of the worthiest of kings. The burden of maintaining the cavalry and providing relays, was taken off the people; the duty and honor of defending the country were assigned to all, the barriers between city and county removed, the exemption from taxation abolished, the freedom of trades introduced, and the citizens placed on an equality with the nobles, and one church with another. Excellent municipal ordinances took the place of very defective institutions; millions of dependent peasantry were boldly raised to the rank of free proprietors; and for schools, art, and science more was done than perhaps in any other country. Lastly, the German Zollverein has embraced all the states, increased their internal prosperity, and strengthened their power abroad. If the outstretched hand of Germany was not immediately accepted by the United States, causes may be assigned for it whose discussion would here be out of place; but we should all live in the hope and expectation, that by earnest and well directed efforts, all difficulties and hindrances may be removed. When two noble nations, when fifty millions of people desire to tread a new path, which for ages to come must ensure peaceful blessings to both, the event must not be allowed to depend on petty calculations or cunning attempts to overreach one another; but must be based on great principles and conclusions, and on the firm determination never blindly or cowardly to submit to the dictation of any opposing power.

"There certainly remains much to wish for and to do, in Germany, in America, and in all the countries of the world. Let each then, according to his best knowledge and ability, co-ope

rate with word and deed; and let none forget, that he who despairs of his country is never in the right!

Having thrown out these remarks as an old man of business, permit me to add another as an author. It is with pleasure that I behold the great interest displayed by the Germans in America on behalf of their ancient fatherland. But many of those who immigrated hither would in their former circumstances devote little or no time to the German language and literature; and there is danger that the language as spoken here will gradually become impure, or be forgotten altogether. This danger can by no means be obviated by neglecting to study the English; on the contrary, it is my opinion, that the acquisition of the latter is both a duty and an advantage. But the former should not therefore be given up. He who makes himself master of two languages, and two literatures of such richness and extent, doubles his powers, his knowledge, and his enjoyment. With these views, some of the states (as Ohio for instance) have founded schools for instruction in both tongues; and if I mistake not, there is another means at hand, whereby an extraordinary progress may be insured in this respect. I consider the establishment of school and district libraries as one of the happiest, most successful, and most valuable institutions in America. Education, which almost every where closes very imperfectly with the years of boyhood, is thus in an easy and salutary manner extended throughout life. If in these collections, German as well as English works are introduced, the happiest results cannot fail to ensue, both for the increase of knowledge, and for the preservation of the language in its purity.

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"But it is high time to break off observations that might be indefinitely spun out. Instead, therefore, of a longer speech, I will merely give you-since custom permits it-a text to many speeches by way of a toast. May true freedom, which ever goes hand in hand with law and order, and true science, which is never opposed to genuine religion and morality, grow, flourish, blossom, and bear fruit in Germany and in these United States!"

Thus you see I was able sincerely and cordially to praise many things in our fatherland. Other things there are so totally opposed to the views and convictions which prevail here, that it is best to say nothing about them; and others again, which I really cannot understand myself, e. g. the form of our legislation with eight quasi-parliaments, twenty-five governments, thirteen ministers, and a many-headed state council! At least in the whole history of the world there is nothing like it to be met with.

HARTFORD, Connecticut.

On the 5th of September we went in a steamboat from New York to New Haven. The weather was fine, though cool. The sun has still great power here during the day; but in the mornings and evenings, the thermometer ranges from 48° to 541°. Our friend T's place of residence is situated in one of the most delightful towns in America; so elegant and tasteful are many of the houses, the streets so well shaded with trees, the churches and public edifices so handsomely built, and the views so fine from some neighboring hills.

On Friday, the 6th, Mr. O. showed us some brilliant experiments with prismatic lights; afterwards we visited, under C. B.'s guidance, a school conducted on the Lancasterian plan. The rooms were large and well lighted, and the mode of instruction has been found successful. Several boys, for instance, multiplied in their heads the number 35,724 by 58,132. In Philadelphia a girl solved an algebraic problem which was by no means a very easy one.

On Saturday, the 7th, we proceeded to Hartford through a not very fertile, but cultivated country; and visited the college, the prison, and the asylum for the insane. To-day we went to an Episcopal church. The service lasted an hour and three quarters: of which an hour and a quarter were spent in reading, praying, and singing; and half an hour in preaching. The sermon treated first of the equality of all the attributes of the three Persons in the Trinity, and of the diversity of their offices; and then of the temporary mediatorial kingdom of Christ, and the final absorption of all things into the Godhead; after which epoch, we were to live and move in the perpetual and visible presence of God.

An American recently said to me: "I can readily comprehend that you need a king and a queen in Europe: but to what purpose is the long train of useless and expensive princes and princesses?" I was not exactly disposed to enter into a long political discussion; and merely observed in reply: The princes may defend themselves for me, and show of what use they were in the Spanish, Austrian, and Bavarian wars of succession; but I must oppose the sentence of condemnation you have indiscriminately pronounced upon all princesses. Fancy to yourself a woman of great talents, the most finished education, and the most indefatigable desire for knowledge; an enthusiast for art and science, and for all that is beautiful and good; one possessed of force of will and elevation of character, without detriment to female gentleness and amiability; imposing by her royal dignity, encouraging by her cheerfulness and good humor; of such transcendent loveliness and grace, that a glance of her eye, a motion of her

hand, wins even those who would fain pride themselves on a cold independence. Are not this dignity of character, this wealth of mind, this grace and beauty, more poetical, more influential, more inspiring, are they not a fairer after-growth and fruit of the socalled dark ages, than all that newspapers and stump orations can produce in our days? "Ah, these are a poet's fables," said the American. "They are an historian's truths," replied the European.

BOSTON, 10th September.

Yesterday at half past seven we left Hartford in a steamboat, and ascended the Connecticut and a canal running alongside of it to Springfield. We dined there, and reached Boston by the railroad at seven in the evening. The whole country showed great industry on the part of the farmers; but it is neither picturesque, nor fertile. Were I a tiller of the soil, I would certainly emigrate from this stony and scantily watered region to the far more favored West.

- To your question, whether it is true, that Jefferson whom I have so highly praised had illegitimate children by a negress, and sold them as slaves, I answer, after very careful inquiries, that Madison, his most intimate friend; Gallatin, secretary of state under his presidency; and several others who knew Jefferson well, deny the assertion in the most unqualified manner. Nor have his descendants the slightest knowledge of such a thing. Andrews Norton, one of the most zealous whigs of New England, remarks in the Select Journal of Foreign Periodical Literature (iii. 99), concerning Hamilton's statement, on which the rumor is grounded: "We have always been connected with the political party which Jefferson opposed; perhaps too there never was in any country a man whose moral character was subjected to a keener scrutiny and bitterer condemnation on the part of the public; moreover, we have heard many stories to his disadvantage; some perhaps true, others false,-but this story, which a stranger just arrived in the country has picked up somewhere, we have never before known or heard of, and we have been unable to find any one to whom it was not in like manner unknown. It is in itself wholly and utterly incredible. Doubtless Mr. Hamilton can and will produce sufficient proofs of its truth; for if he cannot do so, no libeller that ever was put in the pillory more richly deserved such punishment than the relater of this story."

To refute some doubts respecting Jefferson's views with regard to banks, I cite the following passages from his Writings: "It is folly to expect that by juggling tricks and banking dreams, money

can be made out of nothing."-"Banking establishments are more dangerous than standing armies."

BOSTON, September 11th.

Boston is more like a European city than any other in the United States. It has grown up gradually, without any previously designed, general, regular plan. Hence the streets are some of them very crooked. The fronts of the houses show great variety; while the newer portions, which have been rapidly springing up since the opening of the railroad to Albany, remind one of the streets in the West End of London. A regular extension is difficult, on account of several inlets and bodies of water, over which long bridges lead to the suburbs. The "Common" and the adjoining public garden form a delightful walk, like the Battery in New York. The laying out of a number of squares to be converted into parks, has been neglected; and it is now too late to repair the error. The high granite obelisk set up as a monument of the bold and courageous beginning of the war, on Bunker Hill, commands a very extensive and beautiful prospect. The same may be said of the State House, which at a distance reminds one of the Capitol at Washington.

BOSTON, 14th September.

Yesterday, having finished my work, we paid several visits, and then went to the Athenæum. Here we saw, first, a collection of casts of ancient works of art, and many busts of celebrated Americans. Secondly, a collection of original paintings and copies, which on the whole appeared to me but mediocre in quality. Thirdly, an exhibition of statuary by Mr. Crawford, an American sculptor, comprised some good busts and a group, to wit, Orpheus going down with Cerberus into hell. Under the left arm he holds his lyre; his outstretched right hand seems to cover his face, or rather his eyes, from the glare of light. One leg is thrown far forward, and his mantle floats backward in the breeze. Criticism might find something to censure in this mantle, and in the right arm; but on the whole, the work shows a remarkable progress in American art.

BOSTON, 15th September.

The new Custom House in Boston, which we visited in company with the amiable and obliging Mr. T., is built almost entirely

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