Staining of FacadesWorld Scientific, 2003 - 160 Seiten Facade staining is a centuries-old building defect that is globally widespread. Millions of dollars are wasted annually for its rectification. A stained building looks old and worn-out, diminishing the value of the property and the confidence in occupying it. The facade's durability may also be affected by staining. Despite these wide and varying downstream implications, facade staining can actually be foreseen and prevented if conscientious efforts are made at the building's planning and design stages. This book provides insight into the underlying causes of facade staining and proposes an approach to address the root of the problem. It aims to raise awareness of crucial factors that should be understood and considered in the prevention or minimization of facade staining, hence reducing resource wastage in unnecessary maintenance work. Staining of Facades will serve as a useful guide for students as well as practitioners in related professions such as architecture, engineering, building, realestate, and project and property management, in their efforts to minimize the life-cycle costs of buildings. |
Inhalt
Introduction | 1 |
References | 2 |
Environmental Aspects | 5 |
22 Rain | 6 |
24 Sunlight | 10 |
25 Pollution | 12 |
251 Non Biological Staining Agents | 13 |
252 Biological Staining Agents | 15 |
442 Mechanism of Staining at Protruding Fixtures | 99 |
443 Design Considerations | 102 |
45 Louver Units | 104 |
452 Mechanism of Staining at Louver Units | 107 |
453 Design Recommendations | 108 |
46 Experimental Methodology | 110 |
461 Methodology | 111 |
References | 114 |
References | 19 |
Material Aspects | 23 |
313 Surface Texture | 24 |
315 Resistance to Chemical Attacks | 25 |
316 Resistance to Biological Growth | 26 |
33 Concrete | 32 |
34 Natural Stones | 36 |
35 Tiles | 43 |
36 Metal | 47 |
37 Glazing | 55 |
38 Plaster and Paint Surface Coatings | 61 |
39 Material Interfaces | 69 |
394 BricksConcretePlaster Metals | 71 |
397 Natural Stone Metals | 72 |
References | 73 |
Design Aspects | 75 |
42 Ledges | 78 |
422 Staining Mechanisms around Ledges | 81 |
423 Design Considerations | 83 |
43 Joints Misalignment | 89 |
431 Factors Causing Staining at Misaligned Joints | 90 |
432 Mechanisms of Staining at Misaligned Joints | 91 |
433 Design Considerations | 92 |
44 Protruding fixtures | 97 |
441 Factors Causing Staining at Protruding Fixtures | 98 |
Maintenance Aspects | 117 |
521 Exposed Brick and Concrete Walls | 119 |
522 Natural Stone | 120 |
523 Tiles | 123 |
524 Metal | 125 |
525 Glass | 129 |
526 PlasterandPaint Surfaces | 130 |
53 Facade Access Systems | 131 |
54 Codes and Standards | 132 |
Singapore Codes and Standards | 134 |
5511 Trolley Unit | 135 |
5512 Monorail Track | 137 |
5513 Traversing Trolley | 138 |
5514 Personal Unit | 140 |
5517 Travelling Ladders and Platforms | 141 |
5522 Counterweighted Suspension Beam | 143 |
5523 Suspended Platform | 144 |
5525 Scaffolding | 145 |
5526 Boomlifts | 147 |
5527 Facadecleaning Robots | 148 |
56 Building Forms | 149 |
References | 152 |
155 | |
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abrasive acid algae alkali aluminum Anodised areas ASTM biological growth Biological Staining brushing Building Envelope building facade Building Maintenance Chemical Attacks cladding cleaner Cleaning and maintenance Cleaning Method coat colour concentrated Construction deposited design features detergent dirt particles dirt stains durability efflorescence expansion joints external wall facade material Figure finish flow of runoff fluorocarbon glass glazed granite horizontal Joints Misalignment ledge lime staining limit of flow louver panes louver unit M. Y. L. Chew Mechanism of Staining metal minimised Misaligned Joints moisture mortar mortar joints natural stone Nayanthara panels Permeability Plaster and paint pollutants Porosity protruding fixtures rainfall rainwater recessed removed Resistance to Biological Resistance to Chemical RILEM rinsing roof runoff flow pattern salts Sassuolo scaffolding sealant Singapore Changi Airport Singapore Standard soiling solar azimuth angle spray stain marks stain streaks staining pattern staining problems sunlight Surface Texture Table trolley unit vertical joints washing effect Water Absorption wind window