51. Linaria cannabina. Brown Linnet. Very common.

52. Linaria montium. Twite. Common. The moorlands are peculiarly favourable to the linnets.

Gen. COCCOTHRAUSTES.—Sub-gen. 1. Coccothraustes.

53. Coccothraustes Chloris. Green Grosbeak. Common.

Sub-gen. 2. Pyrrhula.

54. Pyrrhula vulgaris. Bulfinch. Common.

Gen. STURNUS.

55. Sturnus vulgaris. Starling. Especially abundant. Gen. FREGILUS.

56. Fregilus Graculus. Red-legged Chough. An occasional specimen has been taken at the mouth of the Ribble, after very stormy weather; considered a great rarity. Probably driven from the coast of Wales by stress of weather; Wales being the nearest locality where they are found in abundance.

Gen. CORVUS.-Sub-gen. 1. Corvus.

57. Corvus Monedula. Jackdaw. Common.

58. Corvus frugilegus. Rook. Abundant.

59. Corvus Corone. Carrion Crow. Only thinly scattered in these parts. 60. Corvus Cornix. Hooded Crow. Rare. I have occasionally met with a specimen or two on the coast.

Sub-gen. 2. Pica.

61. Pica caudata. Magpie. Common. Sub-gen. 3. Garrulus.

62. Garrulus glandarius. Jay. Common.

Fam. iii.-Fissirostres.

Gen. HIRUNDO.-Sub-gen. 1. Cypselus.

63. Cypselus Apus. Swift. Common. Sub-gen. 2. Hirundo.

64. Hirundo urbica. Marten. Common.

65. Hirundo riparia. Sand Marten. Common.

66. Hirundo rustica. Swallow. Common.

Gen. CAPRIMULGUS.

67. Caprimulgus Europaus. Night-jar. Moderately plentiful.

Gen. CERTHIA.

Fam. iv.-Tenuirostres.

68. Certhia familiaris: Creeper. Common where found, but the localities are not many.

Gen. ALCEDO.

69. Alcedo ispida. Kingfisher. Once very abundant in all the brooks about here, and still commonly met with in the less frequented parts.

(To be continued.)

Blackburn, Lancashire,

July 14th, 1838.

ART. VI. Monograph of the Genus Semnopithecus. By WILLIAM MARTIN, Esq. F.L.S.

(Continued from Page 326).

WITH respect to the habits and manners of the Semnopitheci, little need be said. Their movements are more slow and composed than we see among the Cercopitheci,—they have far less brusquerie and petulance, and are more staid, quiet, and gentle. While young they are playful and familiar, but as age advances they become surly, mistrustful, and even ferocious. They leap and bound among the trees of their native woods, with extreme address and vigour, exceeding even the guenons in the distance to which they spring. Several species, but more particularly the Entellus, are held in veneration by the worshippers of Brama, and are not only tolerated but protected; they are permitted to ravage gardens in troops, without the least molestation, or even to enter within the very walls of dwelling houses, and appropriate whatever suits their appetite or inclination. This blind veneration is, however, by no means universal. The Entellus, for instance, which abounds in the forests of the western ghauts, is not regarded as sacred by the Mahratta people, nor, as we are assured, do they object to its being killed. Many species attain to considerable dimensions; and many are distinguished by the softness and glossiness of their fur, as well as by the beauty of their colouring.

Among the species comprehended in the present genus, there obtains a mass of confusion, which we trust to be able, in some degree at least, to disentangle. Most of our descriptions are original, and as correct as possible; nor have we omitted consulting various authorities on the subject, not, however, to the warping of our opinion on a single species. We shall arrange them as follows.

Genus SEMNOPITHECUS, F. Cuv.

SPECIES.

S. nemæus. The Douc Monkey.

General colour of the body beautiful grey, arising from the hairs being annulated with black and white. Forehead black; long hairs around the face white; gorget light chesnut red; shoulders and a bar under the gorget black. Fore arms white; thighs black, legs bright deep chesnut red; hands and feet black; tail white; skin of face yellow. Fur full, deep and soft. Length about 2 feet,—the tail being about 1 foot 8 or 9 inches. Habitat Cochinchina.

Syn.-Simia nemæus.

Linu.

Pygathrix nemæus. Geoffr. in Ann. Mus. vol. xix.
Lasiopyga nemæus. Illig. in Prodrom. Syst. Mam.
Douc. Buffon; Hist. Nat. vol. xiv.
Cochinchina Monkey. Pennant.

S. Entellus. Entellus Monkey.

Hair of the head radiating from a centre; superciliary rows of bristles projecting, long, and black, very marked. General colour ashy grey, with a tinge of straw yellow, passing into dull white on the sides of the face and under parts of the body. In young individuals, the hands and feet are washed with dusky black, but this is not the case in adults, which have a paler colouring altogether, often verging upon white, tinted with pale straw colour. Face black, with a slight violet hue.

Length of an adult male fom vertex to root of tail 2 feet 5 inches; the tail being 3 feet 1 inch to the end of the hairs, which run out into a sort of pencil, but do not form a tuft.

Habitat India and the islands of the Indian Archipelago.

Syn.-Rollewai. Thunberg, in Travels, 1793. And in Wolf: see Residence in Ceylon, 1783.

Note. From some unaccountable mistake the name of Rollewai, or Roloway, has been transferred to the Diana monkey, (Cercopithecus Diana), a native of Africa.

S. fascicularis. Kra, or Croo Monkey.

Back and upper part of the head reddish brown; tail and sides of the body grey, becoming still paler on the inside of the limbs, and under surface of the body. Face brown, with short white hair, and a full grey tuft on each side, before the ears. Ridge of the nose between the eyes prominent. We have examined a variety of this monkey, of an ashy grey colour, with the top of the head and back of a greyish brown, patches of the same occurring on the arms and thighs.

Length 22 inches; tail 2 feet 8 inches.

Habitat Sumatra and the Malay islands.

Syn.-Simia fascicularis. Raffles, in Linn. Trans. vol. xiii. p. 246. Semnopithecus comatus? Desm.

Kra, of the Malays.

Sir S. Raffles notices a species, (or as he terms it, variety), agreeing with the Kra in colour, but far less in size, being under a foot in length, and wanting the full tuft of hair on the sides of the face, so remarkable in the Kra; it is called 'Kra Buku' by the Malays, and is found in Sumatra and the other Malay islands.

We shall term it provisionally Semnopithecus Buku. Is it the Presbytis mitrata of Eschscholtz?

S. cristatus. Chingkau.

General colour silvered black; the hairs, which are black throughout the greater part of their length, having white tips. Face and limbs black; under surface of body more inclining to grey. The hairs of the forehead diverge over the face, those on the top of the head are elevated into a peaked crest. The hair of the body long and falling.

The chingkau when very young is of a reddish fawn colour, with blackish hands and feet; when half grown of a greyish brown, with black hands and feet, the frontal hairs diverging forward, and the peaked crest being distended.

The contour of body remarkably slender. Length nearly 2 feet; tail 2 feet 6 inches.

This species is certainly not identical with the Simia Maura of Schreber, as Fischer intimates, but with the Semnopithecus pruinosus of Desmarest.

Habitat Sumatra, Java, &c.

Syn.-Simia cristata. Raffles, in Linn. Trans. vol. xiii. p. 244.
Semnopithecus pruinosus. Desm.
Chingkau of the Malays.

S. femoralis, Horsf. White-thighed Monkey.

Top of the head and occipital tuft of hair, back, and shoulders to the elbows, dusky greyish brown; the frontal hairs, which diverge forwards, the sides of the head and body, the fore arms and outside of the thighs, the legs, hands, feet, and tail, black, slightly grizzled, especially the fore arms, with white; the chin white; as is also a line down the chest and abdomen to the lower part, which is all white; the inside of the humerus from the axilla, and the inside of the thighs, white, with an abrupt margin. No tuft on the sides of the face; a line of short black hairs on the molar bones. Length 19 inches; tail 22 inches.

Habitat Sumatra, &c.

Syn.-" Simia Maura?" of Sir S. Raffles, in Linn. Trans. vol. xiii. but not the S. Maura of Schreber.

Lotong of the Malays.

Cercopithecus albo-cinereus, Desm.?

S. Maurus.

We cannot but consider the Simia Maura of Schreber as distinct from the S. cristata of Raffles, (the Semnopithecus pruinosus of Desm.); and we have had the opportunity of examining a young individual, which we hesitate not to regard as this species, and which closely agrees with the “middle-sized black monkey" of Edwards, vol. vii. plate 311. The specimen in question was brought from India, but the exact locality could not be distinctly ascertained. The hair on the head is full, but does not rise into a crest; that on the forehead is directed forwards from a central point at the top of the frontal bone: the hair on the sides of the face is long and bushy, obscuring the ears: the fur is full and rather soft. Colour glossy black; a grey indefinite mark underneath the root of the tail; the thinly scattered hairs between the thighs, white.

Length 18 inches; tail 224 inches.

That this is not S. cristata, in an intermediate stage, is very plain, not only because there is no peaked crest on the vertex, but because, in the middle age, this latter species is dull greyish brown, with black hands and feet: neither is the ridge of the nose between the orbits elevated, as in a young S. cristata of the same size.

Syn. provisionally.-Simia Maura. Linn.

Guenon negre. Buff. Supp. vii. p. 47.
Simiolus Ceylonicus. Seba.

Fischer, in his Synopsis, distinguishes the "middle-sized black monkey" of Edwards, as the S. Edwardsii, regarding it however as a doubtful species. He gives Guinea with a query as its habitat, and considers it synonymous with the Cercopithecus Maurus of Erxleben, and the C. afer of Latreille, in Buff. Hist. Nat. xxxvi. Edwards, on whose authority Fischer speaks, states that he was informed that his monkey came from Guinea, but he does not assert it as a fact; he observes that the hair above the eyes was long, and also on the temples, partly covering the ears; and adds that he had had an opportunity of seeing a black monkey something like his species, called a spider monkey, from the thinness and length of his limbs, with four fingers and a prehensile tail,-in fact a species of the American genus Ateles, to which we have already made allusion. Now we gain from this note an important fact, viz., that the long and slender limbs of this Ateles struck him as being like those of his "middle-sized black monkey," thereby almost demonstrating that this animal must have been a Semnopithecus, (in which genus, the character of the limbs is much the same as in Ateles); and not a Cercopithecus; indeed the figure given by Edwards, though rude, has all the appearance of a young species of Semnopithecus. That it was not an Ateles is proved by its non-prehensile tail, and the presence of a thumb on the hands.

The Guenon nègre is described by Buffon on the authority of Edwards and Seba; the latter of whom terms it Simiolus Ceylonicus, indicating by its specific title, that it is a native of Ceylon; and Edwards observes that "in Siam is a large species of monkey, probably different from this,"-viz., the "middle-sized black monkey." Shaw, combining the accounts of Edwards and Seba, states the Simia Maura to be a native both of Ceylon and Guinea. What Edwards's monkey really was, or whence it really came, is of course impossible for us to determine; and in referring the specimen here described as Semnopithecus Maurus, to the species figured by him, we are to be understood as only assuming a probability, based upon the coincidence of his description with that of the specimen before us.*

*Since writing the above we have had the opportunity of examining an adult specimen of S. Maurus, from India. The general colour is deep black, with a decided silvery grey patch on the under surface at the root of the tail. The hairs of the head radiate from a centre, and those on the sides of the head and face are long and bushy, completely overshrouding the ears. The fur is full, glossy, and soft. Length of head and body 20 inches. Tail imperfect. It is evidently the adult of the young specimens to which we have already alluded.