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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

INITIALS.

NAMES.

W. L. A...... REV. W. L. ALEXANDER, M.A., Author of The Connexion and Harmony of the Old and New Testaments,' &c.

G. B.

.......

REV. G. BAUR, Ph. D. of the University of Giessen.

J. R. B....... REV. J. R. BEARD, D.D., Member of the Historico-Theological Society of

Leipzig.

G. M. B... ... G. M. BELL, Author of Universal Mechanism,' &c.

C. H. F. B....

J. B........

REV. C. H. F. BIALLOBLOTZKY, Ph. D., Göttingen, Author of 'De Abrogatione
Legis.'

REV. JOHN BROWN, D.D., Professor of Exegetical Theology to the United
Secession Church.

G. B...................... Rev. George Bush, Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Literature in the
University of New York.

J. D. B....... REV. JAMES D. BUTLER, Abbot Resident, Theological Seminary, Andover, United States.

K. A. C.

S. D......

B. D.

J. F. D.

J. W. D.

.....

K. A. CREDNER, Doctor and Professor of Theology in the University of
Giessen.

REV. S. DAVIDSON, LL.D., Professor of Biblical Literature and Oriental
Languages in the Lancashire Independent College.

REV. BENJAMIN DAVIES, D.D.

REV. J. F. DENHAM, M.A., St. John's College, Cambridge, F.R.S.

REV. J. W. DORAN, LL.D., Association Secretary of the Church Missionary
Society.

J. E. . . . . . . . . Rev. John Eadie, LL.D., Professor of Biblical Literature to the United
Secession Church.

G. H. A. v. E. . G. H. A. VON EWALD, Doctor and Professor of Theology in the University of Tübingen.

F. W. G......

H. A. C. H....

E. W. H.

J. J.

.....

REV. F. W. GOTCH, M.A., Trinity College, Dublin.

H. A. C. HAVERNICK, Doctor and Professor of Theology in the University of Königsberg.

E. W. HENGSTENBERG, Doctor and Professor of Theology in the University

of Berlin.

REV. J. JACOBI, of the University of Berlin.

R. J. . . . . . . . . Rev. R. JAMIESON, M.A., Editor of 'Paxton's Illustrations of Scripture.'
REV. E. A. LAWRENCE, Haverhill, United States.

E. A. L.

.....

A

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F. R. L..

E. M.. P. M.

N. M.

FREDERICK R. LEES, Ph. D., F.S.S.A.; Editor of The Truth-Seeker,' &c.

...... E. MICHELSON, Ph. D. of the University of Heidelberg.

PETER MEARNS, Author of Tirosh,' &c.

REV. N. MORREN, M.A., Author of Biblical Theology,' and Translator of 'Rosenmüller's Biblical Geography.'

... F. W. NEWMAN, late Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford.

F. W. N.

.....

J. N.

JOHN NICHOLSON, B.A., Oxford, Ph. D., Tübingen, Author of An Account of the Establishment of the Fatemite Dynasty,' Translator of Ewald's Hebrew Grammar.'

W. A. N. . . . . . W. A. NICHOLSON, M.D.

J. P. P.

B. P.......

J. F. R.

J. E. R.....

REV. JOHN PHILLIPS POTTER, M.A., Oriel College, Oxford.

REV. BADEN POWELL, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Savilian Professor of Geometry
in the University of Oxford.

J. F. ROYLE, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., Member of the Royal Asiatic
Societies of Calcutta and London; Professor of Materia Medica and
Therapeutics in King's College, London.

J. E. RYLAND, Translator of Neander's Church History,' and of 'Semisch's
Justin Martyr.'

C. H. S. . . . . . . LIEUT.-COLONEL C. HAMILTON SMITH, K.H. and K.W., F.R. and L.S.,
President of the Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society, &c. &c.

J. P. S. . . . . . . REV. J. PYE SMITH, D.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.

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H. S. . . . . . . . . REV. H. STEBBING, D.D. of St. John's College, Cambridge, Author of A History of the Church,' &c.

A. T... ... ... REV. A. THOLUCK, Doctor and Professor of Theology in the University o Halle.

D. W. . . . . . . . Rev. David WELSH, D.D., Professor of Divinity and Church History, Nev College, Edinburgh.

L. W. . . . . . . . REV. LEONARD WOODS, D.D., Professor of Theology in the Andover Theo logical Seminary, United States.

W. W. . . . . . . . REV. WILLIAM WRIGHT, M.A. and LL.D. of Trinity College, Dubli Translator of Seiler's Biblical Hermeneutics.'

The initials of the Contributors of the following articles have been inadvertently omitted : J. R. B., ROMAN EMPIRE; TABERNACLES, FEAST OF.- -H. A. C. H., GENESIS.-J. F. 1 SPICES; STORAX; TAMAR, 1; TEIL TREE; TIRZAH, 1.-W. W., JUDE; NEBUCHA

NEZZAR.

PREFACE.

THE present work was undertaken with the design of providing the public with a more complete view of the existing state of Biblical literature, both at home and abroad, than it previously possessed. It was felt that former works of the kind, numerous as they are, and useful as some of them may be considered, were built too exclusively upon the 'old learning' of Calmet and others; and that some recent attempts to give a more modern character to such undertakings had been made too entirely from home materials, and had too exclusive reference to such external facts and circumstances as travellers and antiquarians offer, to meet the demands of the present time. The work, therefore, owes its origin to the Editor's conviction of the existence of a great body of untouched materials, applicable to such a purpose, which the activity of modern research and the labours of modern criticism had accumulated, and which lay invitingly ready for the use of those who might know how to avail themselves of such resources.

It was no task for one man to gather in this great harvest. And as the ground seemed, for the most part, common to all Christian men, it appeared desirable that assistance should be sought from a sufficient number of competent Biblical scholars and others, without distinction of country or religious party, that the field might be the more thoroughly swept, and the greater wealth of illustration obtained, from men of different lines of reading and various habits of thought. The prompt manner in which the call of the Editor for co-operation has been met by the numerous eminent Biblical scholars and naturalists, whose names appear in the List of Contributors, has been among the highest gratifications arising to him out of this undertaking; while the ability, the laborious research, the care and the punctuality, with which they have discharged the various tasks confided to them, demand his warmest acknowledgments.

The only drawback likely to arise from co-operation so various and extensive, lay in the probability that considerably different views might be manifested in the several articles; and that, too, on subjects on which every reader is likely to have formed some opinion of his own, and will be disposed to regard as

erroneous or suspicious every opinion which may not entirely coincide with that which he has been accustomed to entertain. In this lay the sole danger and the greatest difficulty of such an undertaking. Here was to be a book which no one man, and not even a very few men, could produce; and which the public would yet probably expect to exhibit as much unity, not only of plan and execution, but of opinion and sentiment, as if it were the produce of a single mind. The Editor, however, felt that he could not undertake to find forty independent thinkers among whom there should be no visible diversities of sentiment. But he thought that much might be done in producing so near an approach to uniformity on matters of real importance as would satisfy every reasonable reader; especially when he should come to consider that the choice lay between taking the work with such diversities as necessarily arose from the extent of the co-operation employed in its production, or of altogether dispensing with the immense amount of Biblical information which it embodies. Entire uniformity, if attainable at all, could only have been attained at the cost of providing a very different and greatly inferior work; and a work thus different and inferior could not have established a distinction sufficiently marked from all previous undertakings of the kind to justify its production.

It has not consisted with the Editor's idea of the functions he had undertaken, to dictate to the Contributors the views they were to take of the subjects intrusted to them, or to set up his own views as the standard of correct opinion. This he must have done, had he made it his rule to insert only such statements as exactly coincided with his own sentiments, or to exclude altogether whatever views of particular subjects might differ from those with which his own mind is satisfied. The Contributors were expected to abstain from introducing the opinions peculiar to their nation or to their religious communion; but they have been under slight restraint with respect to the conclusions which they might form as independent thinkers and reasoners, competent by their attainments and studies to form a judgment worthy of attention on the various matters coming under their consideration. In conformity with no other principle could this work have been produced; and such being the nature of its execution, it became necessary that the initials of the several writers should be affixed to their contributions, that the reader might know to whom to ascribe the responsibility of the particular articles, and that no one contributor might be deemed responsible for any other articles than those to which his signature is annexed. The Editor also, who has provided all those articles which bear no signature (except those adverted to at the end of the List of Contributors), does not hold himself responsible for any statements or opinions advanced in any other articles. than these. Some of them exhibit opinions in which he is not able to concur, but which have nevertheless been furnished by persons whom he could not regard as less competent than himself to arrive at just conclusions.

Yet although some explanation is due to those who may possibly find in this

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