missed pear no some knead might pair rain shone their need mite pare reign shown there knew rein sighs throne new mist peace rice size thrown know moan piece rise scull threw mown peal ring skull through lain mourn peel wring slay to lane morn plain reck sleigh too lead muscle plane wreck soar two led mussel plait rye sore vail lessen knot plate wry sole vale lesson not pore road soul veil loan nay pour rode vain lone neigh pray rowed sum vane lute none prey rough son vein loot nun pride ruff sun wade made oar pried rose stair weighed maid o'er profit rows stare waist mail ore prophet sail stake waste male ode quarts sale steak wait main owed quartz scene steal weight mane one read seen steel way mantel won reed sea straight weigh mantle pail read see strait weak meat pale red seam tail week meet pain, right seem wood mete pane write sew the would medal pause rite thee wooed wright SOW tale meddle paws ABBREVIATIONS asso. A1. first class Dr. Doctor, debt, abbr. abbreviation debtor acct. account Ed. Editor, edition A.D. In the year of our e.g. for example Lord Esq. Esquire agt. agent et al. and others A.B. Bachelor of Arts etc., &c. and so forth A.M. Master of Arts, F., Fahr. Fahrenheit before noon f.o.b. free on board Amer. America frt. freight amt. amount G.A.R. Grand Army of the anon. anonymous Republic association Gen. General asst. assistant Gov. Governor bal. balance hdkf. handkerchief B.C. before Christ hist. history B.L. bill of lading Hon. Honorable chap., ch. chapter i.e. that is coll. collect ins. insurance Co. company, county inst. instant, present C.O.D. cash on delivery month Col. Colonel int. interest cr. credit, creditor inv. invoice do. ditto, the same Jr. Junior D.C. District of Co- lat. latitude lumbia Lt., Lieut. Lieutenant D.D. Doctor of Divinity LL.D. Doctor of Laws long. longitude Prof. Professor M. noon, thousand prox. next month Maj. Major P.S. postscript M.C. Member of Con- ques. question gress recd. received M.D. Doctor of Medi- recpt. receipt Rep. Representative mdse. merchandise R.R. Railroad mem. memorandum Rey. Reverend Messrs gentlemen Rt. Rev. Right Reverend mfg. manufacturing Ry. Railway Nat. National Sec. Secretary New England Soc. Society S.S. Sunday School payt. payment Supt. Superintendent Ph.D. Doctor of Phi- S.W. southwest losophy Treas. Treasurer pl. plural ult. last month P.M. afternoon, V.P. Vice-President Postmaster vol. volume P.O. Post Office W.C.T.U. Women's Chrispop. population tian Temperance Union wt. weight Pres. President Y.M.C.A. Young Men's Prin. Principal Christian Association pr. ct. per cent RULES FOR SPELLING PLURALS OF NOUNS The plurals of nouns are generally made by adding 8 to the singular. Nouns ending in 8, X, 2, sh, or soft ch, and nouns that end in i, o, u, or y, preceded each by a consonant, are made plural by adding es to the singular. (Y is changed to i when adding es.) In our language, as written in England, the plural of story, or storey, meaning floor, is storeys. We write stories. We notice these interesting differences when reading books printed in England. A few nouns in o are exceptions to the above rule, and add s only. See opposite page. Nouns ending in o or y, preceded by a vowel, add : to the singular to form the plural. Nouns ending in silent e, preceded by the sound of 8, x, z, j, sh, or soft ch, add s to the singular. Some nouns ending in f and fe change f to v and add es, and others add only 8 to form the plural. The plurals of letters, figures, and other characters are formed by adding the apostrophe () and 8, that is ( 's), to the singular. EXCEPTION. — Wharf has both forms, wharfs and wharves. Staff becomes staves in the plural, but its compounds are regular; as, flagstaff, flagstaffs. The plural of many nouns is irregular, as man, men. Give the singular form of each of the following nouns and the rule, if any, for forming the plural : roses axes cargoes dresses galleys griefs bamboos wedges fancies latches folios calicoes buggies gulfs pebbles squashes thieves classes shelves sopranos hoofs haunches pulleys lassos proofs pianos chimneys violets pansies tomatoes knives buffaloes studios gifts sheaves heroes colleges scarfs boxes ratios libraries negroes images loaves breeches berries hearses calves sponges races mustaches valleys flies octavos vetoes damages lilies tassels radishes beeves potatoes gnues chiefs glasses ledges phrases daisies altos strifes porticoes markets matches purses guesses dominoes mottoes volcanoes halves thrushes lives turkeys poppies reefs mosquitoes chaises elves twos monkeys wolves cuckoos cuffs trios taxes kangaroos duties dwarfs safes waifs leaves flashes horses torpedoes coaches wretches lasses echoes selves cages tornadoes adieus zeros fifes spices bushes foxes breezes pennies gases 's stories women children oxen weaknesses 3's ?'s staffs (meaning officers) |