Give the singular form of each of the following nouns and the rule, if any, for forming the plural: — Make lists of verbs singular and plural. GENERAL RULES FOR SPELLING 1. Words of one syllable ending in f, l, or 8, pre ceded by a single vowel, have the final consonant doubled; as, mill, pass. EXCEPTIONS.-Clef, if, of, sol, as, gas, has, was, yes, is, his, this, us, thus, pus. 2. Words ending in any other consonant than ƒ, l, or s, do not double the final letter except in the following: abb, add, ebb, odd, egg, inn, err, burr, purr, butt, buzz, fuzz, and some proper nouns. 3. Monosyllables, and words accented on the last syllable, double the final consonant when preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel after qu, before a suffix beginning with a vowel. EXCEPTIONS. X, k, and v are never doubled. EXCEPTIONS.-L and 8 are sometimes doubled s when the last syllable is not accented. 4. Words ending in any double letter retain it doubled before a suffix not beginning with the same letter. EXCEPTIONS.—Fled, sold, told, dwelt, spelt, split, shalt, wilt, blest, and past. 5. Primitive words ending in silent e (a) Generally drop the e when adding a suffix beginning with a vowel. (b) Retain the e when preceded by c or g before the suffixes able and ous, to preserve the soft sounds of c and g. (c) Retain the e in the derivatives of certain words to preserve the identity of the primitive word; as, hoeing, dyeing. (d) Generally retain the e when adding a suffix beginning with a consonant. (e) Preceded by dg drop the e in their derivatives, the d preserving the soft sound of g. (f) Preceded by a vowel, in certain words, drop e before a suffix beginning with a consonant; as, true, truly. 6. Primitive words ending in y, preceded by a consonant, change y into i when adding a suffix beginning with any other letter than i EXCEPTIONS. -Pity, piteous; beauty, beauteous; plenty, plenteous; duty, duteous; gassy, gaseous. EXCEPTIONS. Most words derived from dry, shy, sly, spry, and wry, retain y. Exception, drier, driest. EXCEPTIONS. Before ing, the y is retained to prevent doubling i Words ending in ie, drop e and change i to y before suffixes beginning with i. 7. Primitive words ending in y, preceded by a vowel, retain y in their derivatives. EXCEPTIONS.-Pay, paid; say, said, saith; gay, gaily; day, daily; lay, laid; slay, slain; stay, staid. 8. Compounds generally retain the spelling of the simple words composing them; as, horseman. EXCEPTIONS. In most permanent compounds, the words full and all drop one 7; as, handful; while in others they retain both; as, all-wise. 9. Words compounded but not permanent are connected by a hyphen; as, golden-haired. Of each of the following derivatives, give the primitive word and the rule for the derivative: : |