When a word is repeated the same in sound, but not in sense, it is called ANTANĄCLASIS: as, Amori jucundum est. si cu etur ne quid insit ama i. Cic. But this is reckoned a defect in style, rather than a beauty. Nearly allied to this figure is the PARONOMASIA, or Agnominatio, when the words only resemble one another in sound; as, Civem bonarum artium, bonarum partium; Consul prave animo & parvo; De sratore arator factus, Cic. Amantes sunt umentes. Ter. This is also called a PUN. When two or more words are joined in any part of a sentence in the same cases or tenses. it is called HOMOLOPTOTON, i. e. similiter cadens; as, Pollet auctoritate, circumfluit opibus, abundat amicis, Cic. If the words have only a similar termination, it is called HOMOIOTELEUTON, i. e. simuliter desinens; as, Non ejusdem est facere fortiter, & vivere turpiter, Cic.

3. FIGURES OF THOUGHT.

It is not easy to reduce figures of thought to distinct classes, because the same figure is employed for several different purposes. The principal are the Hyperbole, Prosopopëia, Apostrophe, Simile, Antithesis, &c.

1. HYPERBOLE is when a thing is magnified above the truth; as, when Virgil, speaking of Polyphemus, says, Ipse arduus, altaque pulsat sidera. So Contracia pisces æquora sentiunt, Hor. When an object is diminished below the truth, it is called Tapeinosis. The use of extravagant Hyperboles forms what is called Bombast.

2. PROSOPOPEIA, or Personification, is when we aseribe life, sentiments, or actions, to inanimate beings, or to abstract qualities; as, Que (patria) tecum, Catalina, sic agit, &c. Cic. Virtus sunit aut ponit secures, Hor. Arbore nunc aquas culpante, Id..

3. APOSTROPHE, or Address, is when the speaker breaks off from the series of his discourse, and addresses himself to some person present or absent, living or dead, or to inanimate nature, as if endowed with sense and reason. This figure is nearly allied to the former, and therefore often joined with it; as, Trojaque nunc stares, Priamique arx alta maneres, Virg.

4. SIMILE, or Comparison, is when one thing is illustrated or heightened by comparing it to another; as, Alexander was as bold as a lion.

5. ANTITHESIS, or Opposition, is when things contrary or different are contrasted, to make them appear in the most striking light; as, Hannibal was cunning, but Fabius was cautious. Cæsar beneficiis ac munificentiâ magnus habebatur, integritate, vitæ Cato, &c. Sall. Cat. 54. Ex hac parte pudor pugnat, illine petulantia, &c. Cic. Similar to this figure is the Oxumoron, i. e. acute dictum; as, Amici absentes adsunt, &c. Cic. Impietate pia est, Ovid. Num capti potuere capi, Virg.

6. INTERROGATION, (Græc. Erotesis,) is a figure.

whereby we do not simply ask a question, but express some strong feeling or affection of the mind in that form; as Quousque tandem, &c. Cic. Creditis avectos hostes? Virg. Heu! que me æquora possunt accipere, Id. Sometimes an

answer is returned, in which case it is called Subjectio; as, Quid ergo? audacissimus ego ex omnibus? minime, Cic. Nearly allied to this is Expostulation, when a person pleads with offenders to return to their duty.

7. EXCLAMATION; (Ecphonēsis,) as, O nomen dulce libertatis! &c. Cic. O tempora, O mores! Id. O patria ! O Divum domus Ilium! &c. Virg.

8. DESCRIPTION, or Imagery, (Hypotyposis,) when any thing is painted in a lively manner, as if done before our eyes. Hence it is also called Vision; as, Videor mihi hanc urbem videre, &c. Cic. in Cat. iv. 6. Videre magnos jam videor duces, Non indecoro pulvere sordidos, Hor. Here a change of tense is often used, as the present for the past, and conjunctions omitted, &c. Virg. xi. 637. &c.

9. EMPHASIS is when a particular stress is laid on some word in a sentence; as, Hannibal peto pacem, Liv. Proh! Jupiter ibit HIC! Virg.

10. EPANARTHOSIS, or Correction, is when the speaker either recals or corrects what he had last said; as, Filium habui, ah! quid dixi habere me? imo habui, Ter.

11. PARALEPSIS, or Omission, is when one pretends to emit or pass by, what he at the same time declares.

12. APARITHMēsis, or Enumeration, is when what might be expressed in a few words, is branched out into several parts.

13. SYNATHROISMUS, or Coacervatio, is the crowding of many particulars together, as,

-Faces in castra tulissem, Implessemque foros flammis, natumque, patremque

Cum genere extinxem, memet super ipsa dedissem. Virg. 14. Incrementum, or CLIMAX in sense, is when one number rises above another to the highest; as, Facinus est vincire civem Romanum, scelus verberare, parricidium necare, Cic. When all the circumstances of an object or action are artfully exaggerated, it is called Auxēsis, or Amplification. But this is properly not one figure, but the skilful employment of several, chiefly of the Simile and the Climax.

15. TRANSITION (metabasis) is when a speech is abruptly introduced; or when a writer suddenly passes from one

dion; Nais, Läis, Aehāïa; Briseis, Cadmēis; Latōns, & Latõis, Myrtõus, Nereus Priametus: Achelõïns, Minoïus; Archelaus, Menelaus, Amphiaraus: Eneas, P neus, Epeus, Acrisioneus, Adamanteus, Phœbeus, Giganteus; Darius, Basirius. Eu genius, Bacchius; Cassiopea, Cesarea, Cheronea, Cytherea, Galatea, Laodicea, Medea, Panthea, Penelopea; Clio, Enyo Elegia, Iphigenia, Alexandria. Thalia, Antiechia, idololatria, litania, politia, &e. Laertes, Deiphobus, Dēïjanīra, Trões he rões, &e.

Sometimes it is common: as, Chorea, platea, Malea, Nereides, canopeum, Orion, Ge ryon, Eos, eõus, &c. So in foreign words, Michael, Israel, Raphael. Abraham, &e. The accusative of nouns in cus is usually short; as, Orphea, Salmonea, Capharča, e but sometimes long; as, Idomeneo, Ilionea, Virg. Instead of Elegia, Cytherea, we And Elegera, Cythěrēta Ovid But the quantity of Greek words cannot be properly understood without the knowledge of Greek.

In English, a vowel before another is also sometimes lengthened; as, science, idēa. II. A vowel before two consonants, or before a double consonant is long (by position, as it is called; as,

arma, fällo, axis, gāza, mājor; the compounds of jugum excepted; as, bijūgus, quadrijūgus, &c.

When the foregoing word ends in a short vowel, and the following begins with two consonants or a double one, that vowel is sometimes lengthened by position; as, Ferte citi flammas, date velā, scandive muros, Virg.

But this rarely occurs.

TA vowel before a mute and a liquid is common ;)

as the middle syllable in volucris, tenebræ, thus,

Et primo similis volueri, mox vera volūcris, Ovid.

Nox tenebras, profert. Phoebus fugat inde tenebras, Id.

But in prose these words are pronounced short. So peragro, pharetra, podagra, chiragra, celebris, latebra, c

To make this rule hold, three things are requisite. The vowel must be naturally short, the mute must go before the liquid, and be in the same syllable with it. Thus a in patris is made common in verse, because a in pater is naturally short, or always30 by custom: but a in matris, acris, is always long, because long by nature or custom in mater and acer. In like manner the penult in salubris, ambulacrum, is always long; because they are derived from salus, salūtis, and ambulatum. So a in arte, abluo, &c. is long by position, because the mute and the liquid are in different syllables.

L and r only are considered as liquids in Latin words; m and n do not take place except in Greek words.

III. A contracted syllable is long; as,

Nil for nihil; mî, for mihi; cōgo, for coago; alius, for aliius; tibicen, for tibiicen; it, for iit; sõdes, for si audes; nolo, for non volo; bīga, for bijuga; scilicet, for scire licet, &.c.

IV. A diphthong is always long; as,

Aurum, Caesar, Eubea, &c. Only præ in composition be-
fore a vowel is commonly short; as, præire, præustus ; thus,
Nec totâ tamen ille prior præeunte carinâ. Virg.
Stipitibus duris agitu sudibusque præustis Id.

But it is sometimes lengthened; as,

-cum vacuus domino previret Arion. Statius.

In English we pronounce several of the diphthongs short, by sinking the sound of one vowel ; but then there is properly no diphthong.

SPECIAL RULES.

1. CONCERNING THE FIRST AND MIDDLE SYL

LABLES.

Preterites and Supines of Two Syllables.

v. V. Preterites of two syllables lengthen the former syllable; as, Veni, vidi, vici!!

Except bibi, scidi from scindo, fidi from findo, túli, dědi, and stěti, which are shortened.

VI. Supines of two syllables lengthen the former syllable; as, Visum, căsum, mātum./

Except sătum, from sero; citum, from cieo; litum, from Aino; situm from sino; stătum, from sisto; itum, from eo; dătum, from dé; rutum, from the compounds of ruo; quṛtum, from queo; rutus, from reor.

Preterites which double the first syllable.

VII. Preterites which double the first syllable, have both the first syllables short as, Cecidi, tetigi, pepuli, pěpěri, didici, tutudi: except cecidi, from cado; pepēdi, from pido; and when two consonants intervene; as, fefelli, tětendi, &c.

INCREASE OF NOUNS.

A noun is said to increase, when it has more syllables in any of the oblique cases than in the nominative; as, rex, regis Here re is called the increase or crement, and se through all the other cases. The last syllable is never es

teemed a crement.

Some nouns have a double increase, that is, increase by more syllables than one; as, iter, itīnĕris.

A noun in the plural is said to increase, when in any case it has more syllables than the genitive singular; as, gener, generi, generōrum.

Nouns of the first, fourth, and fifth declensions, do not increase in the singular number, unless where one vowel comes before another; as, fructus, fructui; res, rei; which fall under Rule 1.

Third Declension.

VIII. Nouns of the third declension which increase, make a and o long; e, i, and u short;

as,

Pietūtis, honoris muliēris, lapidis, murmŭris.
mōris

The chief exceptions from this rule are marked under the formation of the genitive in the third declension. But here perhaps it may be proper to be more particular.

A. 0.

A noun in A shortens atis in the genitive; as, dogma, -ŭtis ; poema,-ătis.

O shortens inis, but lengthens enis and ōnis; as, Cardo, inis; Virgo, -inis; Anie, Enis; Cicero, onis. Gentile or patrial nouns vary their quantity. Most of them shorten the genitive; as, Macedo,-õnis; Saxo, -onis. Some are long; as, Suessiōnetą. Vettones. Brittones is common.

1. C. D.

I shortens itis; as, Hydroměli, itis. Ec lengthens -ecis; as, Halec, -ēcis
A noun in D shortens the crement; as David, -idis.

L.

Masculines in AL shorten člis ; as, Sol, sălis; Hannibal, -ălis; Hasdrubal,-ŭlis ; but neuters lengthen it; as, animal, -ālis.

Solis from sol is long; also Hebrew words in el; as, Michael, -ēlis. in L shorten the crement; as, Vigil, Alis ; consul, -ălis.

N

Other nouBS

Nouns in ON vary their crement. Some lengthen it; as, Helicon, -Buis; Chiron, ōnis. Some shorten it; as Memnon, onis; Actœon, -onis.

EN shortens isis; as, flumen, -inis : tibicen, nis. Other nouns in N lengthen the penult. AN Finis; as, Titan, -nes: En enis; as Siren, -Enis: In inis; as, delphin, Anis: YN ÿnis; as, Phorcyn, Gnis.

R.

1. Neuters in AR lengthen aris; as, calcar, aris. Except the following, bacchar, aris; jubar, -ris; nectar,-ŭris: Also the adjective par, păris, and its compounds, impar, -ăris; dispar, -ŭris, c.

2. The following nouns in R lengthen the genitive: Nar, näris the name of a river; fur, füria; ver, veris: Also Recimer, -ēris; Byzer, -Tris; Ser, Sēris; Iber, -eris, proper names.

3. Greek nouns in TER lengthen teris ; as, crater, -ēris ; character, -ēris. Except æther, -ĕris.

4. OR lengthens oris ; as amor, oris. Except neuter nouns; as, marmor, -dris ; sequor, bris; Greek nouns in ter; as, Hector, -ris; Actor, -oris; rhetor, -ĕris: Also, arbor. -otis, and memor, oris.

5. Other nouns in R shorten the genitive; AR aris. masc.; as, Caesar, -ăris; Ha milcar, -ŭris ; lar, läris. ER eris of any gender: as der aĕris; mulier, -ĕris ; caduver, ĕris; iter, anciently itiner. itineris ; verbĕris, from the obsolete verber. UR aris; as, vultur, -ŭris; murmur, ŭris. YR yris; as, Martyr, ÿvis.

AS.

1. Nouns in AS, which have atis, lengthen the crement; as, pietas, -ātis; Mœcēnas, atis. Except anas, -ătis.

2. Other nouns in AS shorten the erement; as, Greek nouns having the genitive in adis, atis, and ănis; thus. Pallas, -adis: artocreas, -eŭtis; Melas, -ănis, the name of a river. So vas, vădis ; mas, măris : Bút vas, vasis, is long.

ES.

ES shortens the crement; as, miles,itis; Ceres, eris; pes, pědis.

Except locuples, -ētis ; quies,-ētis; mansues, -ētis; hæres, -ēdis ; merces,-ēdis.

IS.

Nouns in IS shorten the crement; as, lapis, -idis ; Sanguis,inis; Phyllis, dis. Except Glis. gliris and Latin nouns which have itis; as, lis litis; dis, dītis ; Qui fis, itis; Samnis -ītis: But Cheris, a Greek noun has Charitis.

The following also lengthen the crement: Crenis. idis; Psophis, -idis; Nesis, di, proper names And Greek nouns in is, which have also in; as, Salămís, or in,

Salaminis.

OS.

Nouns In OS lengthen the crement; as, nepos, -ōtis; fles, flōris.
Except Bos, bovis; compos,-õlis; and impos, -ŏtis.

US.

US shortens the crement; as, tempus, oris; tipus, -ŏdis.

Except nouns which have ūdis, ūris and ūtis; as, incus, ūdis; jus, jūris ; salus, tis. But Ligus has Liguris; the obsolete pecus, pecudis; and intercus, -ŭtis. The nenter of the comparative has ōres; as, melius, -ōris.

YS.

YS shortens ydis or ydos; as, chlamys, -ğdis, or -ydos: and lengthens ynis; as, Trachys, -inis. BS. PS. MS.

Nouns in S, with a consonant going before, shorten the penult of the genitive; as, sælebs, ibis; inops, -opis; hiems, hiems.

Except Cyclops, õpis; seps, sěpis ; gryps, grīphis; Cercops, -apis; plebs, plědís ; Rydrops, -opis.