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When the question is made by

Ubi? Natus in Italia, in Latio, in urbe, &c.

Quo? Abrit in Italiam, in Latium, in. or ad urbem, &c.
Unde? Rediit ex Itali, e Latio, ex urbe, &c.

Qua? Transit per Lalium, per Latium, per urbem, Úc.

Obs. 1. A preposition is often added to names of towns; as, In Roma, for Rome; ad Romam, ex Roma, &c.

Peto always governs the accusative as an active verb, without a preposition; as, Petivit Egyptum, He went to Egypt.

Obs. 2. Names of countries, provinces, &c. are sometimes construed without the prę position like names of towns; as Pompeius Cypri visus est. Cæs. Creta jussit considere Apollo, Virg. Non Lybice, for in Lybia; non antè Tyro, for Tyri. Id. Æn. iv. 36. Venit Sardiniam, Cic. Roma, Numidiæque facinore ejus memorat, Sall.

4. MEASURE AND DISTANCE.

LV. Measure or distance is put in the accusative, and sometimes in the ablative; as,

Murus est decem pedes altus,

Urbs distat triginta millia, or triginta? millibus passuum,

Iter, or itinere unius diei,

The wall is ten feet high.

The city is thirty miles distant.
One day's journey.

Obs. 1. The accusative or ablative of measure is put after adjectives and verbs of dimension; as. Longus, latus, crassus, profundus, and altus: Patet, porrigitur, eminet, &c. The names of measure are pes, cubitus, ulna, passus, digitus, an inch; palmus, a span, an hand-breadth, &c. The accu

sative or ablative of distance is used only after verbs which express motion or distance; as, Eo, curro, absum, disto,&c. The accusative is governed by ad or per understood, and the ablative by a or ab.

Obs. 2. When we express the measure of more things than one, we commonly use the distributive number; as, Muri sunt denos pedes alti, and sometimes denum pedum, for denorum, in the genitive, ad mensurum being understood. But the genitive is only used to express the measure of things in the plural number.

Obs. 3. When we express the distance of a place where any thing is done, we com. monly use the ablative; or the accusative with the preposition ad; as, Sex millibus passuum ab u be consedit, or ad sex millia passum, Cæs. Ad quintum milliarium v milliare consedit, Cic. Ad quintum lapidem, Nep.

Obs. 4. The excess or difference of measure and distance is put in the ablative; as,

Hoc lignum excedit illud digito. Toto vertice supra est, Virg. Britanniæ longitude ejus latitudinem ducentis quadraginta milliaribus superat.

5. TIME.

LVI. When the question is made by Quando? When? time is put in the ablative; as,

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When the question as made by Quamdiu? How long? time is put in the accusative or ablative, but oftener in the accusative; as,

Mansit paucos dies,
Sex mensibus abfuit,

He staid a few days.
He was away six months.

* Or thus, Time when is put in the ablative, time how long is put in the accusative.

Obs. 1. When we speak of any precise time, it is put in the ablative; but when continuance of time is expressed, it is put for the most part in the accusative.

Obs 2. All the circumstances of time are often expressed with a preposition; as, In præsentia, or in p œsenți, scil tempore; in vel ad præsens; Pe decem annos; Sur gunt de nocte; ad horam desti atam; Intra annum; Per idem tempus, a Kalendas soluturos ait, Suet. The preposition ad or ci ca is sometimes suppressed, as in these expressions hoc, illud, id, isthuc. ætatis, temporis, hoæ, &c for ha ætate hoc rem poe, &c. And ant or some other word; as, Annos natus unum & viginti, se. ante. Siculi quotannis tributa conferunt, se, tot annis, quot vel quetquot sunt. Cic. Prope diem, sc. as soon; Oppidum pauris diebus quibus ed ventum est, expugnatum, se post eus dies, Cas. Ante diem tertium Kalendas Meias accepi tuus literas, or dir ter io ante, Cic Qui dies futurus esset in ante diem octavum Kalendas Novembris Id Er ante diem quintum Kal Octob. Liv. Lacedæmonii septingentos jam annos amplius nis moribus et nunquam mutatis legibus vivunt, sc quam per, Cie We find, Pri mum stipendum meruit annorum decem sepiemque, sc. Atticus; for septemdecim annos natus, seventeen years old, Nep.

Obs 3. The adverb ABHING, which is commonly used with respect to past time, is joined with the accusative or ablative without a preposition; as, factum est abhinc biennio or biennium. It was done two years ago. So likewise are post and ante; as, Paucos post annos: but here, ea or id, may be understood.

COMPOUND SENTENCES.

A compound sentence is that which has more than one nominative, or one finite verb.

A compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences or phrases, and is commonly called a Period.

The parts of which a compound sentence consists, are called Members or Clauses.

In every compound sentence there are either several subjects, and one attribute, or several attributes, and one subject, or both several subjects and several attributes: that is, there are either several nominatives applied to the same verb, or several verbs applied to the same nominative, or both.

Every verb marks a judgment or attribute, and every attribute must have a subject. There must therefore, be in every sentence or period as many prepositions, as there are verus of a finite mode.

Sentences are compounded by means of re→ latives and conjunctions; as,

Happy is the man who loveth religion, and practiseth virtue.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF RELATIVES.

LVII. The relative Qui, Qua, Quod, agrees with the antecedent in gender, number, and person; and is construed through all the cases, as the antecedent would be in its place; as,

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cujus miseror. vel miseresco, cujus me miseret,

cujus vel cuja interest, &c.

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Plural.
Viri qui.
Foeminae qua.
Negotia qua.

Nos qui scribimus.
Vos qui scribitis.
Viri qui scribunt.
Mulieres quæ scribunt.
Animalia quæ currunt.
Viri quos vidi
Mulieres quas vidi.
Animalia quæ vidi.
Viri quibus paret.
Viri quibus est similis.
Viri a quibus.
Mulieres ad quas.
Viri quorum opus est.

The man whom I pity.

whose interest it is, &c.

If no nominative come between the relative and the verb, the relative will be the nominative to the verb.

But if a nominative come between the relative and the verb, the relative will be of that case, which the verb or noun following, or the preposition going before, use to go

vern.

Thus the construction of the relative requires an acquaintance with most of the foregoing rules of syntax, and may serve as an exercise on all of them.

Obs. 1. The relative must always have an antecedent expressed or understood, and therefore may be considered as an adjective placed between two cases of the same substantive, of which the one is always expressed, generally the former; as,

Vi qui (vir) legit; vir quem (virum) amo: Sometimes the latter; as Quam quisque nori a tem, in har (arte se exe ceat. Cic Eunuchum, quem dediti nobi, quas turbas dedit. Ter. sc. Eunu hus. Sometimes both cases are expressed; as Erant omnino duo itinera, quibus itineribus domo ext e possent, Cæs. Sometimes, though more rarely, both cases are omitted; as, Sunt, quos huc genus minime juvat, for sunt homines quos homines, c. Hor.

Obs. 2. When the relative is placed between two substantives of different genders, it may agree in gender with either of them, though most commonly with the former;

as,

Vultys quem dixere chaos, Ovid. Est locus in carcere, quod Tullianum appellatur. Sall. Animal, quem vocamus hominem, Cic. Cogito id quod res est. Ter. If a part of a sentence be the antecedent, the relative is always put in the neuter gender: as, Pompeius se afflixit, quod mihi est summo dolori, scil Pompeiume afflige e, Cie. Sometimes the relative does not agree in gender with the antecedent but with some synonimous word supplied as Scetus qui for scelestas, Ter. Abundantia carum re rum, quæ mortales prima putent, scil. negotia, Sall. Vel virtus tua me vel vicinitas, quod ego iniqua parte amicitie puro. fait ut te moneam, scil negotium. Ter. omni Afia, qui og ban; for in omnibus Afris, Sallust. Jug. 89. Non dissidentiá futuri, quæ impe avisset, for quod. Ib. 100.

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Obs. 3. When the relative comes after two words of different persons, it agrees with the first or second person rather than the third; as, Ego sum vir, qui facio, scarcely

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facit. In English it sometimes agrees with either; as, I am the man, who make, or maketh. But when once the person of the relative is fixed, it ought to be continued through the rest of the sentence; thus it is proper to say, "I am the man, who takes care of your interest," but if I add, " at the expense of my own," it would be improper. It ought either to be, his own, or "who take " In like manner, we may say, "I thank you, who gay who did love," &c. But is improper to say, "I thank thee, who gave, who did love :" it should be, "who gavest, who didst love." In no part of English syntax are inaccuracies committed more frequently than in this. Beginners are particularly apt to fall into them, in turning Latin into English. The reason of it seems to be our applying thou or you, thy or your, promiscuously, to express the second person singular, whereas the Latins almost always expressed it by tu and tuus.

Obs. 4. The antecedent is often implied in a possessive adjective; as,

Omnes laudare fortunas meas, qui haberem gnatum tali ingenio præditum, Ter. Sometimes the antecedent must be drawn from the sense of the foregoing words; as, Carne pluit, quem imbrem aves rapuisse feruntur; i. e pluit imbrem carne, quem imbrem, &c. Liv. Si tempus est ullum jure homines necandi, quæ multa sunt, scil. tempora, Cie.

Obs. 5 The relative is sometimes entirely omitted; as, Urbs antiqua fuit : Tyrii tenuere coloni, seil. quam or eam Virg. Or once expressed, is afterwards omitted, so that it must be supplied in a different case; as Bocchus cum peditibus, quos filius ejus adduxerat, neque in priore pugna adfuerant. Romanos invadunt; for quique in piore pugna non adfuerant, Sall. In English the relative is often omitted where in Latin it must be expressed; as, The letter I wrote, for the letter which I wore; Thy man I love, to wit, whom. But this omission of the relative is generally improper, particulars ly in serious discourse.

Obs. 6. The case of the relative sometimes seems to depend on that of the antece dent; as, Cum aliquid agus eorum, quorum consuêsti for quæ consuêsti agere, or quorum aliquid agere consuésti, Cic Restitue in quem me accepisti locum, for in locum, in quo, Ter. And iv. i. 58. But such examples rarely occur,

Obs. 7. The adjective pronouns, ille, ipse, iste hi is, and idem, in their construction, resemble that of the relative qui; as, Liber ejus, His or her book; Vita so um, Their life, when applied to men; Vita earum, Their life, when applied to women. By the improper use of these pronouns in English, the meaning of sentences is often rendered obscure.

Obs. 8. The interrogative or indefinite adjectives, qualis, quantus, quotus, &c are also sometimes construed like relatives; as, Faties est, qualem decetess sororum. Ovid. But these have commonly other adjectives either expressed or understood, which an swer to them; as, Tan'a est multitudo quantum urbs capere potest: and an oft a applied to different substantives; as Quales sunt cives, talis est civitas, Cie.

Obs. 9. The relative who in English is applied only to persons, and which to things and irrational animals; but formerly which was likewise applied to persons; as, Our Father, which art in heaven: and those, the genitive of who is also used sometimes, though perhaps improperly, for of which. That is used indifferently for persons and things. What, when not joined with a substantive, is only applied to things, and includes both the antecedent and the relative, being the same with that which, or the thing which; as This is what he wanted; that is, the thing which he wanted.

Obs. 10. The Latin relative often cannot be translated literally into English, on ac count of the different idioms of the two languages as, Quod cum ita esset, When that was so; not, Which when it was so. because then there would be two nominatives to the verb was, which is improper. Sometimes the accusative of the relative in Latin must be rendered by the nominative in English; as. Quem dicunt me esse? Who do they say that I am; not whom. Quem dicunt adventare? Who do they say is coming? Obs. 11. As the relative is always connected with a different verb from the antecedent, it is usually construed with the subjunctive mode, unless when the meaning of the

verb is expressed positively; as, Audire cupio, quæ legeris. I want to hear what tey have read that is, what perhaps or probably you may have read; Audire cupio, qu legisti, I want to hear, what you (actually or in fact) have read.

To the construction of the Relative may be subjoined that of the ANSWER TO A QUESTION.

The answer is commonly put in the same case with the question; as,

Qui vocare? Getd, se. vorar. Quid quæris Librum. sc. quæro. Quota hora de nist? Sexta. Sometimes the construction is varied; as, Cujus est liber? Meus, not mei. Quanti emptus est? Decem assibus. Dan.natusne es furti? Ima alie crimine. Often the answer is made by other parts o speech than nouns; as, Quid agitur! Statur.se a me, a nobis. Quis fecit? Nescio: Aunt Petrum fisse. Quomodo va les? Bene, male. Se pristine? Scripsi, ite, etiam immo, &e. An vidisti? Non vidi non, minime. &e Chaerea tuam véstem detra it tib? Factum. Et ed est indutus: Factum. Ter Most of the Rules of Syntax may thus be exemplified in the form of questions and answers.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF CONJUNCTIONS.

LVIII. The conjunctions et, ac, alque, nec, neque, aut, vel, and some others, couple like cases and modes; as,

Honora patrem et matrem,
Nec legit ne scribit,

Honour father and mother.
He neither reads nor writes.

Obs. 1. To this rule belong particularly the copulative and disjunctive conjunctions; as likewise, quam, nisi, præterquam, an; and also adverbs of likeness; as, ceu, tanquam, quasi, ut, &c. as,

Nullum præmium a vobis postulo, præterquam hujus diei memoriam, Cie. Glorio Birtutem tanquam urbia sequitur. Id.

Obs. 2. These conjunctions properly connect the different members of a sentence together, and are hardly ever applied to single words, unless when some other word is understood. Hence if the construction of the sentence be varied, different cases and modes may be coupled together;

as,

Interest mea et reipublicæ; Constitit asse et pluris; Sive es Romæ, sive in Epiro; Decius cum se devoveret, et in mediam aciem irruebat, Cic. Vir magni ingenii summaque industriâ ; Neque per vim, neque insidiis, Sall. Tecum habita, & nôris, quam sit tibi curta supellex, Pers.

Obs. 3. When et, aut, vel, sive, or nec, are joined to different members of the same sentence, without connecting it particularly to any former sentence, the first et is rendered in English by both or likewise; aut or vel by either; the first sive, by whether; and the first nec, by neither; as,

Et legit, et cribit: so tum legit, tum scribit ; or cum legit, tum scribit, He both reads and writes: Sive legit sive scribit, Whether he reads or writes: Jacere quá vera, quâî falsa Inrepare qua consules ipsos, qua cxercitum, to upbraid both the consuls and the army, Lív,

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