Obs. 4. Adjectives signifying usefulness, or fitness, and the contrary, have after them the dative or the accusative with a preposition; as,

Utilis, inutillis,aptus, ineptus, accomodatus, idoneus, habilis, inhabilis, opportunus, conveniens, &, alicui rei, or ad aliquid. Many other adjectives governing the dative are likewise construed with prepositions; as, Atentus quæsitis, Hor. Attentus ad rem, Ter.

Obs. 5. Of adjectives which denote friendship or hatred, or any other affection of the mind towards any one. I. Some are usually construed with the dative only; as, Affabilis, arrogans, asper, carus, difficilis, fidelis, invisus, ratus, offensus, suspect us, ALICUI. II. Some with the preposition IN and the accusative; as, Acerbus, animatus, beneficus, gratiosus, injuriosus, liberalis, mendax, misericors, officiosus, pius, impius, prolixus, severus, sordidus, torvus, vehemens, IN ALIQUEM III. Some either with the dative, or with the accus. and the preposition IN ERGA or ADVERSUS going before; as, Contumax, criminosus, du us, exitiabilis, gravis, ho pitais, implacabilis, (and perhaps also inexorabilis & intolerabilis) iniquus savus, ALICUI or IN ALIQUEM. Benevolus benignus, molestus, ALICUI or ERGA ALIQUEM Mitis comis; IN, or ERGA ALIQUEM and ALICUI. Pervicax ADVERSUS ALIQUEM. Crudelis, IN ALIQUEM, seldom ALICUI. Amicus, æmulus, infensus, infestus, ALICUI, seldom IN ALIQUEM. Gratus ALICUI, or IN, ERGA, ADVERSUS ALIQUEM. We say alenus alicui or alicujus; but oftener ab aliquo, and sometimes aliquo without the preposition.

AUDIENS is construed with two datives; as, Regi dicto audiens erat, he was obedient to the king; not regis; Dicto audiens fuit jussis magistratuum, Nep. Nobis dicto audientes sunt, not dictis, Cic.

Obs. 6. Adjectives signifying motion or tendency to a thing, have usually after them the accusative with the preposition ad or in, seldom the dative; as,

Pronus, propensus, proclivis, celer, tardus, piger, &c. ad iram, or in iram.

Obs. 7. Propior and proximus, in imitation of their primitive prope, often govern the accusative; as, Propior montem, scil. ad, Sall. Proximus finem, Liv.

Obs. 8. IDEM sometimes has the dative, chiefly in the poets; as, Invitam qui servat, idem facit occidenti, Hor. Jupiter omnibus idem, Virg Eadem illis censemus, Cic. But in prose we commonly find. idem qui, c, ac, atque, and also ut, cum; as. Peripa tetici quondam üdem erant qui Academici, Cic Est animus erga te, idem ac fuit, Ter Dianam & Lunam eandem esse putant, Cic. Idem faciunt, ut, &c. In eodem loco mecum, Cic. But it would be improper to say of the same person or thing under different names, idem cum; as, Luna eadem est cum Diana.

We likewise say, alius ac, atque or et; and so sometimes similis & par.

3. Adjectives governing the Ablative.

XIII. These adjectives, dignus, indignus, contentus, præditus, captus, and fretus; also natus, satus, ortus, editus, and the like, govern the ablative; as,

Worthy of honour.

Content with little.

Præditus virtute, Endued with virtue.

So generatus, creatus, cretus, prognatus, oriundus, procreatus regibus. Obs. 1. The ablative after these adjectives is governed by some preposition understoor; as, Contentus parvo, seil. cum; Fretus viribus, scil, in, &c. Sometimes the preposition is expressed; as, Ortus ex concubina, Sallust. Enitus de nympha, Ovid. Obs. 2. Dignus, indignus, and contentus, have sometimes the genitive after them: as, dignus avorum, Virg. So Marte esto, or macti rstote vi tutitis or vitute, Increase in virtue, or Go on and prosper; Juberem macte virtute esse, se. te, Liv. fi. 12. In the last example macte seems to be used adverbially.

4. Adjectives governing the Genitive or Ablative. XIV. Adjectives of plenty or want govern the genitive or ablative; as,

Plenus iræ or iâ, Full of anger. Inops rationis or ratione, Void of reason.

So Non inopes temporis, sed prodigi sumus, Sen Lentulus non verbis inops, Cic. Dei plena sunt omnia, Cic. Maxima quæque domus servis est plena superbis, Juv. Res est soliciti plena timoris amor, Ovid. Amor & melle & felle est fœcundissimus, Plaut. Fæcunda virorum paupertas fugitur, Lucan. Omnium consiliorum ejus parti ceps, Curt. Homo ratione particeps. Cic. Nihil insidiis vacuum, Id. Vacuas cœdis habete manus, Ovid.

Some of these adjectives are construed, 1. with the genitive only; as, Benignus, exsors, impos, impotens, irrius, iberalis, munificus, prælargus.

2. With the ablative only: Beatus, differtus, frugifer, mutilus, tentus, distentus, tumidus, turgidus.

3. With the genitive more frequently: Compos, consors, egenus, exhæres, expers, fertilis, indigus, parcus, pauper, prodigus, sterilis.

4. With the ablative more frequently: Abundans, cassus, extorris, foetus, frequens, gravis, gravidus, jejunus, liber, locuples, nudus, oneratus, onustus, orbus, pollens, solutus, truncus, viduus, and captus

5. With both promiscuously: Copiosus, dives, fœcundus, ferax, immunis, inanis, inops, largus, modicus, immodicus, nimius, opulentus, plenus, potens, refertus, satur, vacuus, uber.

6 With a preposition; as, Copiosus, firmus, paratus, imparatus, inops, instructus, à re aliqua; for quod ad rem aliquem attinet, in or with respect to any thing Exterris ab solo patrio, banished; Orba ab optimaribus concio, Liv. So pauper, tenuis, fœcundus, modicus, parcus, in re aliqua ↑ Immunis, inanis, liber, nundus, solutus, vacuus a re aliqua. Potens ad rem, & in re.

GOVERNMENT OF VERBS.

1. VERBS governing only one Case.
1. Verbs which govern the Genitive.

XV. Sum, when it signifies possession, pro-perty, or duty, governs the genitive; as,

Est regis, It belongs to the king; It is the part or property of a king.

So Insipientis est dicere, non putâram. It is the part or property of a fool, &c. MiLitum est suo duci parere, It is the part or duty of soldiers. &c. Loudare se vani; vicuperare stulti est, Sen. Hominis est ervare ; Arrogantis est negligere quid de se quis que sentiat, Cic. Pecus est Melibai, Virg. Hæc sunt hominis, Ter. Pauperis est numerare pecus, Ovid. Temeritas est florentis ætatis, prudentia senectutis, Cic.

¶ Meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, vestrum, are excepted; as,

Tuum est, It is your duty. Scio tuum esse, I know that it is your duty.

Obs. 1. These possessive pronouns are used in the neuter gender instead of their substantives, mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri. Other possessives are also construed in this manner; as, Est regium, est humanum, the same with est regis, est hominis. Et facere et pati fortia, Romanum est. Liv. ii. 12.

Obs. 2. Here some substantive must be understood; as, officium, munus, res, negotium, opus, & which are sometimes expressed; as Munus est principum; Tuum est hoc munus, Cic. Neuiquam officium ibe, a esse hommis puto. Ter. In some cases, the preceding substantive may be repeated; as, Hic liber est (liber) frat is. In like manner, some substantive must be supplied in such expressions as these; Eu sunt modo gloriosa, neque patrandi beili, scil. causa or facta, Sall. Nihil tam æquandæ libertatis est, for ad æquandam libertatem pertinet, Liv,

Obs. 3. We say, Hoc est tuum munus, or tui muneris: So mos est vel fuit, or moris, or in more, Cic.

XVI. Misereor, miseresco, and sates, govern

Miserere civium tuorum,

Satagit rerum suarum,

He has
has Countrymen.
full at home or has
enough to do about is own affairs.

Obs. 1. Several other verbs among the poets govern the genitive by a Greek comstruction, particularly such as signify some affection of the mind; as, Ango, decipior, do sipio, discrucior, excrucio, fallo & fallor, fastidio, invideo, lætor,miror, pendeo, studeo, vereor; as, Ne angas te animi, Plaut. Laborum decipitur, Hor. Discrucior, animi Ter Pendet mihi animus, pendeo animi vel animo; but we always say, Pendemus animis, not animorum, are in suspense, Cic. Justitiæ prius mirer, Virg. In like manner. Abstineo, desing, desisto, quiesco, regno: likewise, adipiscor, condico, credo, frus tror, funo, laudo, libero, levo, participo, prohibeo: as, Abstineto irarum; Desine querelarum; Regnevit populorum, Hor. Desistere pugnæ, Virg. Quarum rerum condixit, Liv.

But all these verbs are for the most part differently construed: thus, Angor, desipio, discrucior, fallor, animo. Hoc animum meum excruciat. Fastidio, miror, verear, aliquem vel aliquid. Lietor aliqua re. Some of them are joined with the infinitive; or with quod, ut. ne, and the subjunctive.

In like manner we usually say. Desino aliquid, & ab aliquo, to give over; Desisto incepto, de negatio, ab illa mente; Quiesco a labore; Regnare in equitibus, oppidis, sc. in Cic. Per urbes, Virg. Adipisci id; Frustrari in re; Furere de aliquo, Cic.

Obs. 2. The genitive after verbs, in the same manner as after adjectives, is governed by some substantive understood. This substantive is different according to the different meaning of the verbs; thus, Misereor fratris, scil. causâ, Angor animi, scil dolore or

anxietate.

2. Verbs governing the Dative.

XVII. Any verb may govern the dative in Latin, which has the signs TO or FOR after it in English; as,

Finis venit imperio,
Animus redit hostibus,
Tibi seris, tibi metis,

An end is come to the empire, Liv.
Courage returns to the enemy. Id.

You sow for yourself, you reap for yourself, Plaut.

So, Non nobis solum nati sumus, Cie. Multa malè eveniunt bonis, Id.

Sol lucet etiam sceleratis, Sen. Hæret lateri lethalis arundo, Virg.

But as the dative after verbs in Latin is not always rendered in English by to or for: nor are these particles always the sign of the dative in Latin, it will be necessary to be more particular.

I. Sum, and its compounds govern the dative; (except possum) as,

Præfuit exercitui,
Adfuit precibus,

He commanded the army.
He was present at prayers.

TEST taken for Habeo, to have, governs the dative of a person; as,

Est mihi liber.

Sunt mihi libri,

Dico libros esse mihi,

A book is to me, that is, I have a book.

Books are to me, i. e. I have books.

I say that I have books.

This is more frequently used than habeo librum; habeo. libros. In like manner DEEST instead of careo; as, Liber

N

deest mihi, I want a book; Libri desunt mihi; Scio libros deesse mihi, &c.

The compounded with SATIS, BENE, and MALE, govern the dative, as,

Satisfacio, satisdo, benefacio, benedico, benevolo, maleficio

III. Many orbe compounded with these nine prepositions, AD, ANTE, CON, IN, INTER, OB, PRÆ, SUB, and SUPER, govern the dative; as,

1. Accedo, accresco, accumbo, acquiesco, adno, adnato, adequito, adhæreo, adsto, adstipulor advolvor, affulgeo, allabor, aliaboro, annuo, appareo, applaudo, appropinquo, arrideo, aspiro assentior, assideo, assisto, assuesco, assurgo.

2. Antecello, anteeo antesto, anteve to.

3. Colluda, concino, consono, convivo.

4 In umbo, indo mio, indubito, inhio, ingemisco, inhæreo, insideo, insidior, insto, insisto, insudo, insulto, invigilo, illacrymo, illudo, immineo, immorior, immoror, impendeo,

5. Intervenio, intermico, intercedo, intercido, interjaceo.

6. Obrepo obluctor, obtrecto, obstrepo, obmurmuro occumbo, occurro, occurso, obsto obsisto, obvenio.

7. Præcedo, præcurro, præeo, præsideo, præluceo, prœniteo, præsto, prævaleo, præ

verto.

8. Su cedo sucumbo, sufficio suffragor, subcresco, suboleo, subjacio, subrepo.

9. Supe venio, supercurro, supersto. But most verbs compounded with SUPER govern the accusative.

IV. Verbs govern the dative, which signify,

1. To profit or hurt; as,

Proficio, prosum, placeo, commodo, prospicio, caveo, metuo, timeo, consulo, for prosPicio. Likewise, Nocco, officio, incommodo, displicea, insidior.

2. To favour or assist, and the contrary; as,

Faveo, gratulor, gratificos, grator, ignosco, indulgeo, parco, adulor, plaudo, blandior, lenecinor, palpor, assentor, subparasitur, Likewise, Auxilior, adminiculor, subvenio, succurro, patrocinor, medeor, medicor, opitulor. Likewise, Derogo, detraho, invideo,

amulor.

3. To command and obey, to serve and resist; as,

Impero, præcipio, mando, moderor, for modum adhibeo. Likewise Pareo, ausculto, obcdio, obsequor, obtempero, moremgeo, morigeror, obsecundo. Likewise, Famulor, servio, nservio ministro, ancillo. Likewise, Repugno, obsto, reluctor, renitor, re sisto, refragur, adversor.

4. To threaten and to be angry; as,

Minor, comminor, interminor, irascor, succenseo.

5. To trust; as, Fido, confido, credo, diffido.

To these add Nubo, excello, hæreo, supplico, cedo, despero, operar, præstolor, preva ricor, recimo, to promise; renuncio; respondeo, to answer or satisfy; tempero, studeo, vaco, to apply; convicior.

Exc. Juleo, juvo, lado, and offendo, govern the accusative.

Obs. 1. Verbs governing the dative only are either neuter verbs, or of a neuter signification. Active verbs governing the dative have also an accusative expressed or understood.

Obs. 2. Most verbs governing the dative only have been enumerated, because there are a great many verbs compounded with prepositions, which do not govern the dative, but are otherwise construed; and still more signifying advantage or disadvantage, &e. which govern the accusative; as, Levo, erigo, alo, nutrio, amo, diligo, vexo, crucio, averso, c. aliquem, not alicui.

Obs. 3. Many of these verbs are variously construed; particularly such as are com pounded with a preposition; as,

Anteire, antecedere antecellere, præcedere, præcurrere, præirè, &c. alicui, or aliquem, to go before, to excel.

Acquiescere, rei, re, v in re. Adequitare portæ Syracusas.

Adjacere mari, v. mare, to lie near

Adnare navibus, naves ad naves to swim to.

Adversari ei, rorely eum. to oppose.

Advolvi genibus, genua, ad genua, to fall at one's knees.

Advolare ei, ad eum. rostra, to fly up to.

Adflare rei v. homini; rem v. hominem: aliquid alicui, to breathe upon.

Adulari ei v. eum, to flatter. Allabi oris; aures ejus. Virg. ad exta, Liv.
Apparere consuli, to attend; ad solium Jovis; Res apparet mihi, appears.
Appropinquare Britanniæ, portam, ad portam, to approach.
Congruere alicui cum re aliqua, inter se, to agree.

Dominari cunctis oris, Virg. in cætera animalia, to rule over. Ovid.
Fidere, confidere alicui rei, aliqua re, in re, to trust to, or in.

Ignoscere mihi, culpæ meæ, mihi culpam, to pardon me or my fault.

Impendere alicui, aliquem, in aliquem, to hang over.

Incessit cura, cupido, timor ei, eum, v. in eum, seized.

Incumbere toro; gladium, in gladium, to fall upon; labori, ad laudem, ad studja, in studium, curam, cogitationem, &c. to apply to

Indulgere alicui, id ei; nimio vestitu, to indulge in.

Ter.

Inhiare auro, bona ejus, to gape efter. Inasci agris, in agris, to grow in.

Inniti rei re, in re; in aliquem, to depend on.

Insultare rei & homini, v. hominem; fores; patientiam ejus, in miseriam ejus; bonog,

to insult over.

Latet res mihi, v. me, is unknown to me. Mederi ei; cupiditates, to cure.

Ministrare ei. to serve; arma ei, 10 furnish.

Moderari animo, gentibus; navim omnia, to rule.

Nocere ei, rarely eum, to hut. Plaut

Nubere alicui; in familiam; nupta ei & cum eo, to marry. Cic..

Obrepere ei & eum to creep upon; in animos; ad honores.

Obstrepere auribus & aures. Obtrectare ei laudibus, ejus, to detract from.
Obumbrat sibi vinea; solem nubes, shades. Palpari alicui & aliquem.
Pascisci alicui. cum aliquo; vitam ab eo, Sall. vitam pro laude, Virg.
Præstolari alicui & aliquem, to wait upon.

Procumbere terræ; genibus ejus. Ovid. ad genua, Liv. ad pedes, to fall.

To these may be added verbs which, chiefly among the poets, govern the dative, but in prose are usually construed with a preposition; as, 1. Contendo, certo, bello, pugno, concurro, coco alicui, for cum aliquo; 2 Distare, dissentire, discrepare, dissidere dif ferre rei alicui, for a re aliqua. We also say, Contendunt, pugnant, distant, &c. inter se; and contenders, pugnare contra&adversus aliquem.

Obs. 4. Many verbs vary both their signification and construction; as, Timeo, metuo, formido, horreo tibi, de te, & pro te, I am afraid for you, or for your safety; but timeo, horreo, te v. a te, I fear or dread you as an enemy: So Consulo, puspicio caveo tibi, I consult or provide for your safety but consulo te, I ask your advice; prospicio hoc, I foresee this; Studere aliquid, to desire; alicui, to favour; alicui rei, vem, & in re, to apply to a thing. So Emulor tibi, I envy; te, I imitate; Ausculto tibi. I obey or listen to; te, I hear; Cupio tibi, I favour, rem, I desire; Fuenero, or tibi, I lend you on interest; abs te, I borrow; Metuisti, ne non tibi istuc fœeneraret, shonid not return with interest, or bring usury, Ter. And thus many other verbs, which will be afterwards explained.

Obs. 5. Verbs signifying Motion or Tendency to a thing are construed with the preposition ad; as,

Eo, vado, curro, propero, festino, pergo, fugio, tendo, vergo, inclino, &c. ad locum, rem, v. hominem. Sometimes, however, in the poets they are construed with the da tive; as, It clamor coelo, for ad cælum, Virg.

3. Verbs governing the Accusative.

XVII. A Verb signifying actively governs

the accusative; as,