Pres. Ferre vel fertor, fertor; ferimini, feruntor.

Infinitive.

Pres. Ferri.

Participles.

Perf. Latus,

-a, -um.

Perf. Esse vel fuisse, latus, -a, -um. Fut. Ferendus,-a, -um. Fut. Latum iri.

In like manner are conjugated the compounds of fero; as, affèro, attuli, allatum; aufera, abstuli, ablatum; diffèra, distuli, dilatum; confere, contuli, coliatum; infero, intuli, illatum; offers, obtuli, oblatum; effero, extuli, elatum. So circum-.per, trans, de, pro-, an e, pratere. In some writers we find, adfero, adtuli, adlatum; conlatum, inlatum; obfero, bc. for affero, &c.

Obs L. Most part of the above verbs are made irregular by contraction. Thus, nolo is contracted for non volo; malo, for magis volo; fero, fers, fert, &c. for feris, ferit c. Feror, ferris, v. ferre, fertur for fereris, tre

Obs. 2 The imperatives of dico, duco, and facio, are contracted in the same manner with fer: thus we say, dc, duc, fac, instead of dice, duce, face. But these often occur likewise in the regular form.

FIO, factus, fieri, To be made or done, to become.

Indicative Mode.

Pr. Fio,

fis, fit;

fies, fiet;

Im. Fiebam, fiebas, fiebat; fiebamus, fiebatis, fiebant.

Per. Factus sum, &c. factus fui, &c.
Plu. Factus eram, &c. factus fueram, &c.

Fut. Fiam,

fieraus,

fietis, fient:

Pr. Fiam,

fias,

Subjunctive Mode.
fiat; fiamus,

fiatis, fiant.

Im. Fiěrem, fieres, fieret; fieremus, fieretis, fierent.

Per. Factus sim, &c. factus fuerim, &c.
Plu. Factus essem, &c. factus fuissem, &c.
Fut. Factus fuero, &c.

The compounds of facio with retain a, have also fio in the passive, and fac in the im perative active; as caleja io, to warm, calefio, calefac: but those which change a into 2. form the passive regularly and have fice in the imperative; as, conficio, confice; conficior, confectus, confici. We find, however, confit, it is done, and confieri; defit, it is wanting; infi he begins.

To irregular verbs may properly be subjoined what are commonly called Neuter Pas sive Verbs, which like fio, form the preterite tenses according to the passive voice, ami the rest in the active These are, sóleo, solītus, solēre, to use; audeo, ausus, audēre, to dare: gaudeo, gavīsus, gaudēre, to rejoice; fido, fisus, flere, to trust: So confido, to trust; and diffido, to distrust; which also have confidi and diffidi. Some add mureo, mastus, mærere, to be sad; but maestus is generally reckoned an adjective. We like wise say juratus sum and cœnarus sum, for juravi and cœnavi, but these may also be taken in a passive sense.

To these may be referred verbs, wholly active in their termination, and passive in their signification; as vāpůlo, -avi, -atum, to be beaten or whipped; vēneo, to be soid; exŭlo, to be banished, &c.

DEFECTIVE Verbs.

Verbs are called Defective, which are not used in certain tenses, and numbers and persons.

These three, odi, cœpi, and mẽmini, are only used in the preterite tenses; and therefore are called Preteritive Verbs ; though they have sometimes likewise a present signification; thus,

Odi, I hate, or have hated, oderam, oderim, odissem, odero, odisse. Participles, osus, osurus; exocus, perosus«

Capi, I begin, or have begun, cœperam, -erim, -issem, ·ero, -isse. Supine, cæptu. Participles, captus, cæpturus.

Měmini, I remember, or have remembered, memineram, -erim, -issem, -ero, -isse. Imperative, memento, mementote.

Instead of odi, we sometimes say, osus sum; and always exosus, perosus sum, and not exodi, perodi. We say, opus epit fieri, or coeptum est.

To these some add novi, because it frequently has the signification of the present. I know, as well as, I have known, though it comes from nosco, which is complete.

Furo, to be mad, dor, to be given, and for, to speak, as also, der and fer, are not used in the first person singular; thus, we say, daris, datur; but never dor.

Of verbs which want many of their chief parts, the followlowing most frequently occur: Aio, I say; inquam, I say; forem, I should be; ausim, contracted for ausus sim, I dare; faxim, I'll see to it, or I will do it; ave, and salve, save you, hail, good-morrow; cedo, tell thou, or give me ; quæso, I pray.

Inf. Fore, to be hereafter, or to be about to be, the same with esse futurus.

Note. Faxim and faxo are used instead of fecerim and fecero.

$Imper. Ave vel avēto; plur. avete vel avetote.

Salve v. salvěto; - salvete v. salvetote.

Indic. Fut. Salvebis.

Imperat. second pers. sing. Cedo, plur, cedite.
Indic. pres. first pers. sing. Quæso, plur. quæsumus.

Most of the other Defective verbs are but single words, and rarely to be found, but among the poets; as, infil, he begins; defit, it is wanting. Some are compounded of a verb and the conjunction si; as, sis, tor si vis. if thou wilt: sultis, for si vultis; sodes for si audes: equivalent to quæso, I pray; capsis, for cap si vis.

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

A verb is called Impersonal, which has only the terminations of the third person singular, but does not admit any person or nominative before it.

Impersonal verbs, in English, have before them the neuter pronoun it, which is not considered as a person; thus,

delectat, it delights; decet, it becomes; contingit, it happens;

ēvěnit, it happens :

1st Conj.

Ind. Pr. Delectat,
Im. Delectabat,

Per. Delectavit,

Decebit.

Continget.

Eveniet.

Decêret,

Contingeret,

Eveniret,

Decuerit,

Contigerit,

Evenerit,

Plu. Delectavisset,

Decuisset,

Contigisset,

Evenisset,

Contigerit.

Evenerit.

Most Latin verbs may be used impersonally in the passive voice, especially Neuter and Intransitive verbs which otherwise have no passive; as, pugnātur, făvētur, curritur, věnitur; from pugno, to fight; faveo, to favour; curro, to run; venio, to come:

Obs. 1. Impersonal verbs are scarcely used in the imperative, but instead of it we take the subjunctive; as, delectet, let it delight, &c.; nor in the supines, participles, or gerunds, except a few; as, poenitens, -dum, dus, &c Induci ad pudendum er pi gendum, Cic. In the preterite tenses of the passive voice, the participle perfect is always put in the neuter gender.

Obs. 2. Grammarians reckon only ten real impersonal verbs, and all in the second conjugation; de et. it becomes; poenitet, it repents; oportet, it behoves; miseret, it pities; piget, it irketh, pudet, it shameth; eer, it is lawful; liber or lubet, it pleas eth ; tædet, it wearieth; liquet it appears. Of which the following have a double preterite; miseret, miseruit, or misertum est; pige, pigut, or pigitum est; puret, puduit, or puditum est; licet, licuit, or licitum est; libet, libuit, or libitum est; tædet, tæduit, tasum est, oftener pertæsum est. But many other verbs are used impersonally in all the conjugations.

In the first, Juvat spectat, văcat, stat, constat, præstat, restat, &c.

In the second Apparet, attinet,pertinet, debet, dolet, nocet, lätet, liquet, pätet, pläcet, displicet, sědet, sujet, &c.

In the third, Accidit, incipit. desinit, sufficit, &c.

In the fourth, Convenit, expedit &c.

Also irregular verbs, Est, obest, prodest, potest, interest, supĕrest; sit præterit, nequit and nequitur, subit, confert, refert, &c.

Obs. 3. Under impersonal verbs may be comprehended those which express the ope rations or appearances of nature; as, Fulgurat, fulminat, tonat, grandinat, gělat, pluit, ningi,luces it, advesperascit, &c.

Obs 4. Impersonal verbs are applied to any person or number, by putting that which stands before other verbs, after the impersonals, in the cases which they govern; as, placet, mihi, tibi, illi, it pleases me, thee, him; or I please, thou pleasest, &c. pugnatur a me, a te, ab illo, I fight, thou fightest, he fighteth, &c. So Curritur, ventur a me, a te, &e. I run, thou runnest, &c. Faveter tibi a me, Thou art favoured by me, er I favour thee, &c.

I

Obs. 5. Verbs are used personally or impersonally, according to the particular mean ing which they express, or the different import of the words with which they are joined: thus we can say, ego placeo tibi, I please you; but we cannot say, si places audire, if you please to hear, but si placet tibi audire So we can say, multa homini contin gunt, many things happen to a man: but instead of ego contigi esse domi, we must either say, me contigit esse domi, or mihi contigit esse domi, I happened to be at home. The proper and elegant use of Impersonal verbs can only be acquired by practice.

Redundant Verbs.

Those are called Redundant Verbs, which have different forms to express the same sense: thus, assentio and assentior, to agree; fabrice and fabricor, to frame; mereo and mereor, to deserve, &c. These verbs, however, under the passive form have likę. wise a passive signification.

Several verbs are used in different conjugations.

1. Some are usually of the first conjugation, and rarely of the third; as, lavo, lavās, tavāre; and lavo, lavis, lavěre, to wash.

2. Some are usually of the second, and rarely of the third; as,

Ferveo, terves, and fervo, fervis, to boil.

Fulgeo, fulges, and fulgo, fulgis, to shine.

Strideo, strides, and stride, stridis, to make a hissing noise, to creak.

Tueor, tueris, and tuor, tuĕris, to defend.

To these add tergeo, terges; and tergo, tergis, to wipe, which are equally common.

3. Some are commonly of the third conjugation, and rarely of the fourth; as, Fodio, fodis, fudere, and fodio, todis, fodire, to dig.

Sallo, sallis, sallĕre, and sallio, sallis, sailire, to salt.

Arcesso, is, arcessere, and arcessio, arcessire, to send for.
Morior, morĕris, mori, and morior, morīris, morīri, to die.

So Orior, orĕris, and orior, orīris, orīri, to rise.

Potior, poteris, and potior, potīris, potīri, to enjoy.

There is likewise a verb, which is usually of the second conjugation, and more rarely of the fourth, namely, cio, cies, cire; and cto, cis, cīre, to rouse; whence, accire, and accitus.

To these we may add the verb EDO, to eat, which though regularly formed, also 2grees in several of its parts with sum; thus,

Ind. Pres. Edo, edis or es, edit or est ; — editis or estis

Sub. Impert Ederem or essem, ederes or esses, &c.

Imp, Ede or es, edito or esto; edite or este; ediote or estate,

Inf. Pres. Edere or ease.

Passive Ind. Pres. Editur or estur.

It may not be improper here to subjoin a list of those verbs which resemble one another in some of their parts, though they differ in signification. Of these some agree in the present, some in the preterite and the others in the supine.

1. The following agree in the present, but are different

ly conjugated :

Aggero, as, to heap up.
Appello, as, to call.
Con pello, as, to address.
Colligo, as, to bind.
Consterno,-as, to astonish.
Effèro, -as. to enrage.
Fundo. as, to found.
Mando, as, to command.
Obsero as, to lock.
Volo, as, to fly.

Aggero, is, to bring together.
Appello, is, to drive to, to arrive.
Compello, is, to drive together.
Colligo, is, to gather together.
Consterno, -is, to strew.
Effero,fers, to bring out.
Fundo, is, to pour out.
Mando, is, to chew.
Obsero, -is, to beset.

Volo, vis, to will.

Of this class some have a different quantity; as,

Colo, as, to strain.

Dico, as, to dedicate.

Educo, as, to train up.

Colo, is, to till.

Dico, is, to say.

Educo, is, to lead forth.