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No charge is made to employers until an engagement is effected. COLOURED LANTERN SLIDES. NOW READY. More than 300 Map Slides, illustrating Elevation, Climate, Industries, Means of Communication, &c. A COMPLETE ATLAS OF LANTERN SLIDES FOR GEOGRAPHY TEACHING. Price 28. each, with discount of 10 per cent. on 12 or more. Carriage extra. To be obtained from THE DIAGRAM COMPANY, 27, VICTORIA ROAD, CLAPHAM COMMON, S.W. Coloured Map and Diagram Slides of all kinds made for Lecturers and Teachers at moderate charges. Price with Set Screws & Plummet Agate Knife Edges and Planes. 100 grammes. 250 grammes. 2 m'grms. Turns to .. 1-2 m'grms. JOHN BALE, SONS & DANIELSSON, Ltd., Oxford House, 88-89, Great Titchfield Street, Oxford Street, W. THE School World A Monthly Magazine of Educational Work and Progress. 124 TYPICAL SCHOOL TIME-TABLES. Y: Cardiff Intermediate School for Boys ... ... .. PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN SCHOOLS. III: School Furniture and Routine. By C. E. ... ... 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LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., LONDON, NEW YORK, AND BOMBAY. The School No. 28. A Monthly Magazine of Educational Work and Progress. APRIL, 1901. EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS OF RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH. A By F. E. THOMPSON, M.A. I. PRE-HISTORIC GREece. RCHAEOLOGY, during the last half-century, has gone on from triumph to triumph, and is pursuing unchecked its victorious career. It has exhumed the long-lost civilisation of Mesopotamia. It is re-writing the history of Egypt, which it claims to have traced back to a no longer mythical Menes. In Syria and Palestine it has made discoveries of surprising interest. In Asia Minor it is producing evidence which throws fresh light on the writings of the New Testament and the early developments of Christianity. It is unremittingly pursuing its work in Italy and in the provinces of the Roman empire. But nowhere have the results of archaeology appealed more strikingly to the imagination than in the Aegean islands and the adjacent mainlands. For there a civilisation unknown to, or at the most dimly suspected by, the Greeks themselves, a civilisation of a high order, co-ordinate with, but independent of, Egypt and Mesopotamia, a civilisation essentially European in its possibilities, has re-emerged from the grave where it had lain buried for three thousand years. An attempt will be made in this and three following papers to show the bearing of recent archaeological discovery upon the teaching of the classics and the Scriptures in our Schools. For let it not be supposed that archaeology, which deals with the material remains of the past, has little interest for the teacher of the languages, the literatures and the histories of the past. Material products are the surroundings in which we live and move and have our being; they are the work of men's minds, and in turn profoundly influence men's lives. The Parthenon and Olympian Zeus, the Cathedral and the Bon Dieu of Amiens, St. Peter's and the Sistine Madonna, are as representative of human ideals as the Homeric poems, the Attic tragedies, the Platonic dialogues, the Aeneid, the Divina Commedia and the plays of Shakespeare. The highest achievement of the teacher No. 28, VOL. 3.] SIXPENCE. is to make the pupil feel that the writers of the past and those whom they describe were real men and women of like passions with ourselves, to render their teaching more animated, more fruitful, more humane, and by touches of nature to make the ancient and the modern world kin. It is proposed first to sketch briefly some of the most important and best established results of recent archaeology as they affect the history of the Greeks, the Romans and the Hebrews, and afterwards to suggest how these results may be used by teachers in our schools. GREECE. I. PRE-HISTORIC GREECE.-When the Greeks awoke to a consciousness of their national existence, their poets and logographers attempted a reconstruction of their past history. There were abundant materials for scientific research, had a true conception of scientific research then existed. Traditions had been handed on; old races still dwelt in the land; pre-historic monuments confronted men's eyes. But Greek reconstruction of its past took, for the most part, the futile form of "fables and endless genealogies." The pioneer of Greek archaeology in its modern phase was Heinrich Schliemann. Nobly enthusiastic and intrepidly persevering, but insufficiently equipped with classical training, he excavated in Ithaca (1868), Hissarlik (1870-1873) and Mycenae (1876). He believed that he had discovered the very homes of the much-enduring divine Odysseus FIG. 1a.-Treasure from Aegina. Gold Cup, showing typical Mycenaean and the divine swineherd, the very Ilios of Hector L his most foul and most unnatural murder. What Schliemann unearthed was interpreted by the trained judgment of Sir Charles Newton. He Museum, while for the whole period "Aegean" and "Levantine" have been tentatively employed. A few typical instances of discoveries must suffice. FIG. 16.-Treasure from Aegina (view of Fig. 1a from beneath). Central Rosette and returning spiral. saw that the treasure-trove of Hissarlik and of the Since then unremitting 66 On the eastern coast of Greece remains similar to those of Mycenae and its earlier neighbour, Tiryns, have been found from Thessaly to Laconia. In Boeotia, on the western shores of the now drained Copaic lake, a sepulchral vault, with designs showing, like the palace of Tiryns, a marked Egyptian influence, built presumably by the kings of "golden Orchomenos. On a rock in the lake itself, a palace and fortress, with massive walls like to the Argolid buildings in structure, but unlike in plan. In autochthonic Attica, vaulted tombs at Eleusis, Acharnae and elsewhere. At Athens itself, the "Cyclopean" or "Pelasgic" wall, in parts nearly twenty feet thick, with the ascent and postern scaled and entered by the Persians, and a large chamber, possibly the Chalcotheke or store-house for bronzes. In Laconia, the tombs of the princes of Amyclae and the magnificent golden cups of Vaphio, somewhat Assyrian in style. Of the islands, from Euboea to Cyprus, Melos and Crete alone can be noticed. At Phylákopi, in Melos, three early settlements have been exposed. The uppermost and latest is "Mycenaean;" below this a strongly fortified town of the bronze period; below again on 3 FIG. 2.-Treasure from Aegina. Gold Rings; No. 2, the Boeotian shield, the form which afterwards appears on the coins of Boeotia. (From the Journal of the Hellenic Society.) the rock an unwalled village of the neolithic age. But the most important discoveries, both in quantity and value, are the most recent, those in Crete, "the promised land of the Greek archaeologist." The size of this island, its legendary as mistress of the sea, its many races, renown |