CONTENTS.

PART I.

PAPERS RELATING TO TEMPERATURE, ELASTICITY, AND

EXPANSION OF VAPOURS, LIQUIDS, AND SOLIDS.

I. ON AN EQUATION BETWEEN THE TEMPERATURE AND

THE MAXIMUM ELASTICITY OF STEAM AND OTHER

VAPOURS.

Table of Vapour of Water-Formulæ for calculating Temperature and

Pressure-Values of Constants-Tables of Vapour of Alcohol, Ether,

Turpentine, Petroleum, and Mercury,

II. ON A FORMULA FOR CALCULATING THE EXPANSION OF

LIQUIDS BY HEAT.

PAGE

1-12

Table of Constants-Tables of Expansion of Water, Mercury, Alcohol, and

Sulphuret of Carbon,

13-15

III. ON THE CENTRIFUGAL THEORY OF ELASTICITY, AS

APPLIED TO GASES AND VAPOURS.

Hypothesis of Molecular Vortices-Relations between the Heat and

Elasticity of a Gaseous Body-Temperature-Specific Heat-Coefficients

of Elasticity and Dilatation of Gases-Table of Coefficients of Dilatation—

Elasticity of Vapour, and Tables of Constants for the same- -Mixtures

of Gases and Vapours,.

IV. ON THE CENTRIFUGAL THEORY OF ELASTICITY AND ITS

CONNECTION WITH THE THEORY OF HEAT.

Relations between Heat and Expansive Pressure-Hypothesis of Molecular

Vortices-Elastic Pressures-Temperature and Specific Heat-Heat and

Expansive Power-Latent Heat-Joule's Law-Carnôt's Law,

V. LAWS OF THE ELASTICITY OF SOLID BODIES.

Science of Elasticity as applied to Strength of Structures-Strains and

Molecular Pressures-Homogeneous Bodies-Rigidity-Hypothesis of

Atomic Centres-Hypothesis of Molecular Vortices-Coefficients of Pli-

ability, Extensibility, and Compressibility-Modulus of Elasticity-

Tables of Coefficients of Elasticity-Rigidity, Extensibility, and Com-

pressibility-Application of Method of Virtual Velocities to the Theory

of Elasticity-Proof of the Laws of Elasticity by the Method of Virtual

Velocities,

16-48

49-66

. 67-118

PAGE

119-149

VI. ON AXES OF ELASTICITY AND CRYSTALLINE FORMS.

Definition of Axes of Elasticity-Strain-Stress-Potential Energy—

Coefficients of Elasticity-Symmetry-Polarised Light,

VII. ON THE VIBRATIONS OF PLANE-POLARISED LIGHT.

Theories-Hypothesis of Molecular Vortices-Experiments on Light,

VIII. GENERAL VIEW OF AN OSCILLATORY THEORY OF

LIGHT.

Various Hypotheses-Polarised Light-Hypothesis of Oscillations-Diffrac-

tion-Wave-Surface in Crystalline Bodies Reflexion-Refraction-

Dispersion, .

IX. ON THE VELOCITY OF SOUND IN LIQUID AND SOLID

BODIES OF LIMITED DIMENSIONS, ESPECIALLY ALONG

PRISMATIC MASSES OF LIQUID.

Application to Elasticity of Materials-Vibratory Movement in Homo-

geneous Bodies-Transmission of a Definite Musical Tone-Propagation

of Sound,

150-155

156-167

168-199

PART II.

PAPERS RELATING TO ENERGY AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS,

THERMODYNAMICS, MECHANICAL ACTION OF HEAT

IN THE STEAM-ENGINE, &c.

X. ON THE RECONCENTRATION

ENERGY OF THE UNIVERSE.

OF THE MECHANICAL

Convertibility of the different kinds of Physical Energy-Interstellar

Medium-Diffusion, and probable Reconcentration of Radiant Heat,

XI. ON THE GENERAL LAW OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF

ENERGY.

Actual or Sensible Energy--Potential or Latent Energy-Conservation of

Energy--Transformation of Energy,

XII. OUTLINES OF THE SCIENCE OF ENERGETICS.

Physical Theory-Science of Mechanics-Mechanical Hypotheses-Science

of Energetics-Substance-Property-Mass-Accident-Effort-Work-

Equivalence of Energy and Work-Equality of Action and Reaction-

Potential Equilibrium-Transformation of Energy-Rate of Transforma-

tion-Metabatic Function-Carnôt's Function-Efficiency of Engines-

Diffusion of Actual Energy-"Frictional Phenomena "-Measurement of

Time,.

200-202

203-208

209-228

XIII. ON THE PHRASE "POTENTIAL ENERGY," AND ON THE

DEFINITIONS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES.

Potential Energy-Sir John Herschel's Views-Newton's Method-Force-

The word "Energy" substituted by Dr. Thomas Young for Vis-viva-

Extension of Application by Sir William Thomson-Qualification of the

Noun 'Energy" by the Adjectives "Actual" and "Potential," pro-

posed by Rankine, and adopted by others-Carnôt's "Force Vive

Virtuelle "-Definitions of the Measurement of Time, Force, and Mass,

XIV. ON THE MECHANICAL ACTION OF HEAT, ESPECIALLY

IN GASES AND VAPOURS.

Hypothesis of Molecular Vortices-Mutual Conversion of Heat and Expan-

sive Power-Joule's Experiments-Latent Heat-Conservation of Vis-

vira-Carnôt's Theory of Heat-Specific Heat-Thermal Unit-Total

Heat of Evaporation-Power of the Steam-Engine-Pambour's Principle

-Numerical Examples from Cornish Engines-Efficiency of Engines-

Tables of Pressure and Volume of Steam,

XV. NOTE AS TO THE DYNAMICAL EQUIVALENT OF TEM-

PERATURE IN LIQUID WATER, AND THE SPECIFIC

HEAT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR AND STEAM: Being a Supple-

ment to a Paper ON THE MECHANICAL ACTION OF HEAT.

Joule's Experiments-Specific Heat of Air and Steam,

XVI. ON THE POWER AND ECONOMY OF SINGLE-ACTING

EXPANSIVE STEAM-ENGINES: Being a Supplement to the

Fourth Section of a Paper ON THE MECHANICAL ACTION OF HEAT.

Cornish Engines-Wicksteed's Experiments, .

PAGE

229-233

234-284

285-287

288-299

XVII. ON THE ECONOMY OF HEAT IN EXPANSIVE MACHINES.

Carnot's Law-Clausius and Thomson's Investigations-Action of Steam in

Engine,.

300-306

XVIII. ON THE ABSOLUTE ZERO OF THE PERFECT GAS

THERMOMETER.

Measurement of Temperature-Absolute Zero of Temperature,

307-309

XIX. ON THE MECHANICAL ACTION OF HEAT.

Properties of Expansive Heat-Heat Potential-Properties of Temperature

-Hypothesis of Molecular Vortices-Sir Humphry Davy's Researches-

Thermic Phenomena of Currents of Elastic Fluids,

XX. ON THE

310-338

OF THE

GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION

EXPANSIVE ACTION OF HEAT, AND THE THEORY

OF THERMODYNAMIC ENGINES.

Introduction of Indicator-Diagram and Diagrams of Energy-Isothermal
Curves-Curves of No Transmission of Heat-Total Actual Heat-Latent
Heat of Expansion-Law of the Transformation of Energy-Thermo-
dynamic Functions-Curves of Free Expansion-Thomson and Joule's
Experiments-Velocity of Sound-Efficiency of Thermodynamic Engines

-Use of Economiser or Regenerator-Stirling and Ericsson's Air-Engines

-Hypothesis of Molecular Vortices-Relation between Temperature and

Actual Heat-Efficiency of Air-Engines-Liquefaction of Vapour by Ex-

pansion under Pressure-Efficiency of a Vapour-Engine-Heat in a

Pound of Coal-Wire-drawn Steam-Composite Vapour-Engines-Curves

of Free Expansion for Nascent Vapour-Total Heat of Evaporation—

Approximate Law for a Vapour which is a Perfect Gas,

XXI. ON FORMULE FOR THE MAXIMUM PRESSURE AND

LATENT HEAT OF VAPOURS.

PAGE

339-409

Elasticity of Vapours-Regnault's Experiments-Comparison of Formulæ

with Experiments,

410-416

XXII. ON THE DENSITY OF STEAM.

General Equation of Thermodynamics, and its Application to the Latent

Heat and Density of Steam-Fairbairn and Tate's Experiments,

417-426

XXIII. ON THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.

First Law Defined-Second Law Defined-Absolute Temperature-Steady

Motion-Metamorphic Function,

XXIV. ON THE WANT OF POPULAR ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.

427-431

First and Second Laws-External and Internal Work-Efficiency of a Per-

fect Heat Engine-Hypothesis of Molecular Vortices,

XXV. EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICATION OF THE SECOND LAW

OF THERMODYNAMICS TO A PERFECT STEAM-ENGINE

AND A PERFECT AIR-ENGINE.

Definition of a "Perfect Engine"-Regenerator-Examples from Steam-

Engine and Air-Engine-Economical Action of Regenerator in an Air-

Engine-Comparison of Economy of Steam and Air-Engines-Heat due to

Combustion of a Pound of Coal,

XXVI. ON THE WORKING OF STEAM IN COMPOUND ENGINES.

Principal Kinds of Compound Engines, and their Advantages-Number of

Cylinders used-Diagrams of the High and Low Pressure Cylinders-

Rates of Expansion-Theoretical Expansion Diagram-The Common

Hyperbola a good Approximation to the true Expansion Curve-Calcula-

tion of Mean Absolute Pressure and of Indicated Work-Theoretical

Diagrams of Compound Engines with and without Reservoirs,

432-438

439-453

454-463

XXVII. ON THE THEORY OF EXPLOSIVE GAS-ENGINES.

Thermodynamical Propositions-Rules as to Heat and Expansion-Indicator

Diagram of an Explosive Engine-Total and Available Heat of Explosion-

Mixture of Air and Gas-Adiabatic Curves-Indicated Work-Efficiency, 464-470

XXVIII. ON THE EXPLOSIVE ENERGY OF HEATED LIQUIDS.

General Formulæ for all Fluids-Efficiency of Projection-Full-pressure

Steam Gun-Expenditure of Water and Heat-Efficiency-Full-pressure

Dry Steam Gun,

471-480