economy of producing, in the process of manufacture, the determined amount of any constituent were discussed. The quality of cements of relatively the same composition but different constitution, the desirability of more refined methods of testing to determine the qualities not revealed by present tests and the need of cements of different qualities for different uses were also considered. The subject was illustrated by lantern slides. The paper was printed in full in the March, 1922 issue of the JOURNAL.

January 18, 1922: Honorable William D. B. Ainey, LL.D., L.H.D., Chairman of The Public Service Commission of Pennsylvania, presented a paper on "The Highway System of the State of Pennsylvania." Consideration was given to the subject of transportation as a factor in national development and the importance of highways as transportation means. An outline was given of the historical development of highway construction programs as well as the beginnings and accomplishments of the State Highway System. Brief reference was also made to the past, present and future bearing upon the economic conditions of the State. At the close of his remarks, the speaker called upon Mr. Harold E. Hilts, Assistant Engineer of the Construction Division, State Highway Department, who exhibited a series of lantern photographs of machinery and apparatus used in the construction of roads, as well as a number of views of completed roads in various parts of the state. He described materials used in road building and the methods of their application.

February 15, 1922: L. J. Briggs, M.S., Ph.D., Chief, Engineering Physics Division, Bureau of Standards, Washington, District of Columbia, presented a paper on "The Resistance of the Air." Wind-tunnels for obtaining airstreams of known velocity were described as well as aerodynamical balances for measuring air forces on a model; reference was made to the air-resistance equation and dynamical similarity in air-resistance measurements. Consideration was given to the air-resistance of bodies of various forms and to air-foils. Reference was also made to the problem of the measurement of the resistance of projectiles. The subject was illustrated by lantern slides.

March 15, 1922: M. deKay Thompson, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Electrochemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts presented a paper on "Recent Progress in Applied Electrochemistry." An account was given of the recent progress in the different branches of electroplating, batteries, and the manufacture of numerous substances by electrolysis and electrothermic means. The subject was illustrated by lantern slides. This paper was printed in full in the June, 1922 issue of the JOURNAL.

April 19, 1922: William D. Harkins, Ph.D., Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, presented a paper on "The Structure and Building of Atom Nuclei." The speaker stated that the atom seems to consist of a central positive nucleus which plays the part of the sun in the solar system surrounded by a system of negative planetary electrons. The number of these planetary electrons is equal to the charge on the nucleus.

If an atom loses one or more of its planetary electrons, it easily picks up other negative electrons and becomes restored to its initial condition. ·

PRESIDENT'S REPORT AND REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEES OF THE INSTITUTE AND THE COMMITTEES OF ITS BOARD OF MANAGERS

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1922.

REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1922.

To the Members of The Franklin Institute:

Your Board of Managers has instructed me to report to you on the affairs of the Institute for the Institute year ending September 30, 1922, as follows:

The Managers hope that reading this report and the reports of the several committees of the Board and of the Institute, as they will appear in the 1923 YEAR BOOK, will lead you to the conclusion that the work of the Institute was carried on through the year-as they believe-with results favorably comparable with those of previous years.

Following our established order, the Managers make such brief comment on these reports as seems suitable.

The Committee on Museum, Mr. Outerbridge, Chairman, reports the addition to the Museum of certain models and apparatus of interest, notable among them a working model of the original Van Depoele electric tram car, donated by Mr. L. S. Storrs, and a valuable set of scientific instruments once owned by the late George R. Henderson and donated by his widow. Our facilities for exhibiting our models, of which we have many of great scientific and historic interest, have not improved, and will not improve until we are able to store and properly display them in another building erected in whole or in part for the purpose. The provision of such a building is a part of our plans for the future, as more particularly discussed in our report for the Institute year ending September 30, 1921.

The Committee on Publication, Dr. Rosengarten, Chairman, reports the completion of the one-hundred and ninety-fourth volume of the JOURNAL. The Committee refers briefly to the contents of the JOURNAL for the current year and to the YEAR BOOK. The Committee reports that the demand for the work on the "Physics of the Air" by Dr. W. J. Humphreys, continues. Twelve hundred and fifty-four volumes have been sold since the work was issued less than two years ago. The evidence continues that the book is of great value to meteorologists and aviators and that The Franklin Institute has been more than justified in undertaking its publication.

The Committee on Exhibitions, Mr. Benjamin Franklin, Chairman, reports again on the contemporary status of the Sesqui-Centennial Exhibition in so far as it affects The Franklin Institute.

The report of the Committee on Sectional Arrangements, Dr. Keller, Chairman, records with some detail the lectures-nineteen in number

delivered before the various sections of the Institute during the year. Your Board records the thought that never before in the history of the Institute has it had a more important and successful lecture year, including in this statement the lectures delivered at the Institute meetings.

The Committee on Meetings, Dr. Alleman, Chairman, reports on the lectures-eight in number-delivered before the Institute at its stated meetings. This report and that of the Committee on Sectional Arrangements are interesting reading They deal with one of the most important functions of the Institute.

It is appropriate to make mention here of the course of lectures delivered in this room by Dr. F. W. Aston, F.R.S., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, England, on "Atomic Weights and Isotopes." These lectures were delivered on the afternoons of March 6th to 10th inclusive. The attendance, which included physicists from all over the eastern half of the United States, must have been very gratifying to Dr. Aston, as it was to the management of the Institute. Dr. Aston, after finishing the course at the Institute, lectured before eight American universities, before the General Electric Company at Schenectady, and before the Engineers' Club of New York City. It is also worthy of note that Dr. Aston recently has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The Managers think that the Institute is to be congratulated upon the great success of the Aston course and upon the worthy and notable publicity that it has given to the work of The Franklin Institute.

Your Board in its report for the year ending September 30, 1921 told you of the formation of a committee to carry into effect the intent and purpose of the Henry W. Bartol bequest, and advised you of the hopes and ambitions of the Board in connection with the execution of this bequest. The Committee, Mr. Charles Day, Chairman, reports that up to the time of receiving bids for the proposed laboratory building wherein to house the activities of the Bartol Foundation, the work of the Committee was carried on as forecast in our last annual report. At that time, that is, at the time of receiving bids, a serious disappointment was met. A year ago it was estimated that the laboratory building as designed could be erected for $250,000.00. The lowest bid received was $650,000.00, and the various bids ranged from that to $750,000.00. The bids were made at the very peak of cost of building construction and when apparently there was so much construction on hand that there was little desire on the part of constructors to take on added work. At the moment the Committee does not feel justified in recommending the expenditure of such a large proportion of the funds available for the work of the Bartol Foundation and the other laboratory purposes of the Institute, in the erection of a laboratory building. It is giving further consideration to the subject, realizing that it may have to provide for otherwise housing the work of the Foundation. This all makes a regrettable delay. However, the Committee has not to report any lack of confidence that the work will be carried on, and as far as concerns its merit, in full accord with the forecast made in the Managers' report of last year. During this delay in the execution of our plans the Bartol fund is increasing through the accumulation of

income from securities owned, and attention is being given to the creation of an organization suitable for the proper conduct of the work.

The report of the Committee on Instruction, Mr. Paul, Chairman, covers the ninety-eighth year of the School's existence. Two hundred and ninety students were enrolled, 183 less than the unusually large enrollment of the previous year. The Committee records its belief that the cause of the relatively small number of students registering during the year was the industrial depression in Philadelphia. The most marked reduction in the number of students was in the course in Naval Architecture. Other than the fact that we had a reduced enrollment, the School year can be regarded as highly successful from the point of view of the student and of the Institute.

The report of the Committee on Science and the Arts, Dr. Barnes, Chairman, covers its activities during its eighty-eighth year of continuous existence. The Committee's work during the year was little different from that of former years. The Sub-committee on Preliminary Examination considered fifty-six subjects, of which eighteen were recommended for investigation. Fifteen awards were made.

The Committee on Election and Resignation of Members, Mr. Lesley, Chairman, reports the election during the year of 44 members, the resignation of 37, the death of 23, and that 19 were dropped from the rolls for nonpayment of dues. The net result is a loss in membership of 35. The Institute has now 1351 members. To comment on this loss in membership and in general on the small membership of the Institute would be only to repeat what has been said in past years, which may be briefly expressed by saying that the failure to attract a larger number of people to membership in an institution so venerable, honorable and useful is inexplicable, though various theories have from time to time been advanced in explanation.

Notable among the members of the Institute whose deaths we have sadly to record were Alfred W. Gibbs, a member of the Board of Managers from 1915 to 1922, and Coleman Sellers, Jr., for sixteen years Manager or Vice-President of the Institute.

Mr. Gibbs brought to the work of the Institute the fruit of many years' engineering experience and the will to devote that experience to the advancement of the mechanic arts through the medium of The Franklin Institute. His contributions to science were notable; his personality as well as his unfailing good sense made him an agreeable associate and a wise counsellor. He is greatly missed.

Coleman Sellers, Jr., by tradition and through inheritance was deeply interested in the work of the Institute. Turning to the YEAR BOOK we find that Mr. Sellers and his forebears have occupied the positions of Manager, Vice-President and President of The Franklin Institute for a total of approximately eighty years,-four-fifths of the Institute's life. Through three generations the Sellers' family have been prominent in the work of the Institute. Those of us who knew Coleman Sellers, Jr., and were witnesses of the ability and good-will brought by him to the service of science can judge what a profound and beneficial influence must have been

the eighty years of the Sellers' participation in the Institute's work. Those of us who knew Coleman Sellers, Jr., in his relation to his fellow man realize that in his death the Institute has lost a wise and devoted counsellor, the Commonwealth a citizen of the finest type, and his personal friends a rare and lovable associate.

The principal item of interest in the report of the Committee on Endowment, Mr. Clamer, Chairman, is the statement that the Institute has received during the year from the Pennsylvania Company for Insurance on Lives and Granting Annuities, $1,997.22-being the Institute's share in the further distribution of the estate of Harriet Blanchard, deceased, and making a total of $57,549.00 received from the estate. The Committee also reports on the transfer of certain securities in connection with the settlement with the widow and daughters of Mr. Henry W. Bartol.

The Committee on Stocks and Finance, Mr. Forstall, Chairman, reports that the Institute's financial condition continues sound, although as generally during the Institute's life, our operating expenses have exceeded our operating revenue. The Board has anticipated this condition, and as they have told you from year to year they are not disturbed by it. The work of the Institute continues to cost more than the income of the Institute, less donations and bequests, affords. This cost, however, over a period of years, is much less than our regular income plus the occasional bequests and gifts applicable to operating expenses. We are continuing to carry on the work, spending what is necessary to the efficient conduct of the Institute's activities, in full confidence that in the future, as for the past ten or fifteen years, our total income applicable to operating expenses will continue to be larger than our total operating expenses. We have assured you before, and we assure you now, that while we are committing ourselves to the expenditures necessary for the proper conduct of our work, it is never to the extent of imperilling any creditor's interest or of using any trust funds other than as designated by their donors. We hope that this policy meets your approval, as it has met it in the past.

The difference between our so-called "regular income"-that is, income from all sources other than gifts and bequests-and our expenditures, is $10,016.93, which is the so-called "deficit" from the year's operations. Aside from the Bartol bequest, the total of funds held by the Institute has increased approximately $19,000.00, of which approximately $16,000.00 was from interest earned on the Franklin Institute Building Fund.

The Committee on Library, Mr. Hall, Chairman, reports the addition to the library during the year of 1452 volumes and 1491 pamphlets. There were many gifts of books, pamphlets and magazines, notable among them a gift from Mr. F. H. Shelton of an unique and valuable collection of books and pamphlets on windmills. Included in Mr. Shelton's gift were several treatises on the subject printed in German and Dutch in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Mr. Shelton also donated to the Institute two volumes in manuscript prepared by himself and a book containing 400 views of windmills in all parts of the world.

The funds at the disposal of the Library Committee-approximately