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fructed; they are alfo differently arranged. The general plan of a Polish town is very imple. There is commonly a pretty large fquare, with the town houfe in the centre, This place, how ever, is fometimes occupied by the most confiderable inn, On the fides is often a fort of piazza (if, contrary to Virgil's Shepherd, we muft defcribe fmall things by great), particularly in the wooden towns, under which bread, cakes, trinLets, &c, are expofed on fmall standings to fale. At each angle is ufually an entrance, lined on each fide, for a fhort dutance, with houses, The wooden houfes, whether in town or country, have rarely, if ever, any thing but the root above the ground floor. It must be a pretty good town which contains 2,000 Inhabitants. There are many dignified with this appellation, where the people cannot exceed 2 or 300.

This general plan is extended to a large proportion of the better fort of towns, to thole which are built of brick, Thefe are ufually fituated in a plain, at Tome dittance from a foreft; and in the vicinity (or even in the midft) of fome morafs, partly from the convenience of procuring brick with facility, and partly, as it may be fuppofed, to render them more difficult of accels to an enemy. From the fcarcity of ftone-quarries in Poland, it is rarely we meet with houfes built of foue. At Warfaw there are many; at Lemberg there are others but there are quarries in the neighbour hood. The brick-walls are always ffuc coed, or rather rough-caft, as mafons term it: there is not an inftance in which bricks appear, except from dila pidation; it is considered as vulgar; but as this idea cannot prevail univerfally, the custom probably originated in its Toore effectually guarding them from the cold. Most of the towns which are not of wood, are fortified, or rather have lea; but many of the fortifications feen calculated rather to amufe than refift an enemy.

Warfaw, fituated on the right bank of the Viftula, is au irregularly built town, On entering it by the wooden bridge from the oppofite fuburb of Praga, you rife a hittle; otherwife, the town itfelf, as well as the furrounding country, is flat. It is remarkable, that it has no Tare; neither does it contain any regular street. Some of the best are adorned with fately palaces, which in two or three intances approach to magniticence. Thefe, for the most part, are now de

ferted by their former inhabitants; they have been fuffered to grow out of repair; fome of the fronts exhibit a half-ruinous appearance, and high grafs flourishes in the court-yards. Several of them have been fold by their princely and noble poffeffors, The nobles, chagrined and difgufted at their political annihilation, have generally abandoned their ancient metropolis, which, for its elegant voluptuoufnefs, was filed (in the times of its profperity) the little Paris. Inftead of paffing the winter at Warsaw, there fore, they now fpend it either in retirement on their eftates, at the courts of their refpećtive governments, or in fos reign countries,

Immediately contiguous to thefe princely palaces, are commonly feen houfes which are quite ordinary, often fhabby; forcing upon the mind the unwelcome contrait of riches and poverty, grandeur and meannels.

The population of Warfaw, fince the partition, has been on the decline; one caufe of which undoubtedly is, its defertion by fo many of the nobles. It is now rated at no more than 50,000; whereas, it has been, as they affert, nearly double that number. How differs ent, at firit fight, is this city from the active bustling town of Dantzic. Here all is flat and joyless as the face of the country, of which it is the faded capi tal. I fhall have occafion to speak of it again, when I come to treat of the pres fent fate of fociety in Poland.

The fuburb of Praga conlifts of little more than a confiderable collection of village huts. Some of the houses, it is true, have a decent appearance; but a large majority are of the defcription mentioned. The faburbs, indeed, of every fubordinace town are mere collec tions of fuch hovels.

The city and university of Cracow I did not vilit; but it is fpoken of by the Poles as in general better built than Warfaw, and as far fuperior to it în point of fituation, which is among hills and woodland fcenery. It is famous, as is well known, for its wonderful faltmines. It should feem, however, that there is a flight touch of the magic pereil in the romantically gorgeous defcrip tion of Mr. Coxe.

Lemberg, in Gallitia, is probably the molt confiderable town after Cracow, Its population is faid to be above 30,000, though this feetns queftionable from the comparative extent of the town. It is, however, evidently on the ingreafe. Ac

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For the Monthly Magazine.. CURIOUS DETAILS relative to a RECENT VOYAGE round the WORLD, performed under the AUSPICES of the KING of › SPAIN, for the PURPOSE of INTRODUC ING the VACCINE INOCULATION into all PARTS of his DOMINIONS. (Supplemento a la Gazetta de Madrid, del Martes 14 de Octubre de 1806.)

N Sunday, the 7th of September

furgeon-extraordinary to the king, had the honour of killing his Majefty's hand, on occafion of his return from a voyage round the world, executed with the fole object of carrying to all the poffeffions of the crown of Spain, fituated beyond the feas, and to thofe of feveral other nations, the inestimable gift of vaccine inoculation. His Majefty has inquired, with the livelieft intercii, into all that materially related to the expedition, and learned, with the utmoft fatisfaction, that its refult has exceeded the most fanguine expectations that were entertained at the time of the enterprize.

This undertaking had been committed to the diligence of feveral members of the faculty, and fubordinate perfons, carrying with them twenty-two children, who had never undergone the fmall-pox, felected for the prefervation of the precious fluid, by tranfmitting it fucceflively from one to another, during the courfe of the voyage. The expedition fet fail from Corunna, under the direction of Balmis, on the 30th November, 1803. It made the firft ftoppage at the Canary Ilands, the fecond at Porto-Rico, and the third at the Caracas. On leaving that province, by the port of La Guayra, it was divided into two branches: one part failing to South America, under the charge of the fubdirector Don Francis Salvani; the other, with the director Balmis on board, fteering for the Havanah, and thence for Yucatan. There a

fubdivifion took place the profeffor Francis Paftor proceeding from the port of Sifal, to that of Villa Hermofa, in the province of Tobafca, for the purpofe of propagating vaccination in the diftrict of Ciudad Real of Chiapa, and on to Goatemala, making a circuit of 400 leagues, through a long and rough road, comprif ing Oaxaca; while the rest of the expe dition, which arrived without accident at Veracruz, traverted not only the viceroyalty of New Spain, but also the interior provinces; whence it was to return to Mexico, which was the point of re-union.

This precious prefervative against the ravages of the mall-pox has already North America, to the coafts of Sonora been extended through the whole of and Sinaloa, and even to the Gentiles and Neophites of High Pimeria. In each capital a council has been infti tuted, compofed of the principal autho rities, and the most zealous members of the faculty, charged with the preferva

facred depofit, for which they are ac countable to the king and to pofterity.

This being accomplished, it was the next care of the director to carry this part of the expedition from America to Afia, crowned with the most brilliant fuccefs, and with it the comfort of humanity. Some difficulties having been furmounted, he embarked in the port of Acapulco for the Philippine Ilands; that being the point at which, if attainable, it was originally intended that the under taking thould be terminated.

The bounty of Divine Providence having vouchfafed to fecond the great and pious defigns of the king, Balmis hap pily performed the voyage in little more than two months: carrying with him, from New Spain, twenty-fix children, destined to be vaccinated in fucceffion, as before; and as many of them were infants, they were committed to the care of the matron of the foundling-hofpital at La Corunna, who, in this, as well as the former voyages, conducted herself in a manner to merit approbation. The expedition having arrived at the Philippines, and propagated the fpecific in the islands fubject to his Catholic Majefty, Balinis, having concluded his philanthropic commiflion, concerted with the captain-general the means of extending the beneficence of the king, and the glory of his auguft naine, to the remoteft confines of Alia.

In point of fact, the cow-pox has been

been diffeminated through the vaft Archipelago of the Vifayan Inlands, whole chiefs, accustomed to wage perpetual war with us, have laid down their arms, admiring the generosity of an enemy, who conferred upon them the bleflings of health and life, at the time when they were labouring under the ravages of an epidemic finall-pox. The principal perfons of the Portuguefe colonies, and of the Chinese empire, manifefied themfelves no lefs beholden, when Balmis reached Macao and Canton; in both which places he accomplished the introduction of freth virus, in all its activity, by the means already related: a refult, which the Englith, on repeated trials, had failed to procure, in the various occations when they brought out portions of matter in the thips of their Eaft India Company, which loft their efficacy on the pallage, and arrived inert.

After having propagated the vaccine at Canton, as far as poffibility and the political circumftances of the empire would pernit, and having confided the further diffemination of it to the phyhcians of the English factory at the abovementioned port, Balmis returned to Macao, and embarked in a Portuguese veffel for Litbon; where he arrived on the 15th of Auguft. In the way he hopped at St. Helena, in which, as in other places, by dint of exhortation and perfeverance, he prevailed upon the English to adopt the aftonishing antidote, which they had undervalued for the fpace of more than eight years, though it was a difcovery of their nation, and though it was fent to them by Jenner himfelt.

Of that branch of the expedition which was defined for Peru, it is afcertained that it was fhipwrecked in one of the mouths of the River de la Magdalena; but having derived immediate fuccour from the natives, from the magiftrates adjacent, and from the governor of Carthagena, the fubdirector, the three monbers of the faculty who accompanied bim, and the children, were faved, with the fluid in good prefervation, which they extended in that port and its province with activity and fuccefs. Thence it was carried to the isthmus of Panama; and perfons, properly provided with all neceffaries, undertook the long and painful navigation of the River de la Magdalenn; feparating, when they reached the interior, to difcharge their commiflion in the towns of Teneriffe, Mompox, Ocana, Socorro, San Gil y Medellin, in the valley of Cacuta, and in the cities of Pam

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plona, Giron, Tunja, Velez, and other places in the neighbourhood, until they net at Santa Fe: leaving every where fuitable inftructions for the members of the faculty, and, in the more confidera ble towns, regulations conformable to thofe rules which the director had prefcribed for the prefervation of the virus; which the viceroy affirms to have been communicated to 50,000 perfons, with out one unfavourable refult. Towards the clofe of March, 1805, they prepared to continue their journey in feparate tracks, for the purpofe of extending themfelves with greater facility and promptitude over the remaining districts of the vice-royalty, fituated in the road of Popayan, Guença, and Quito, as far as Lima. In the Auguft following they reached Guayaquil.

The refult of this expedition has been, not merely to fpread the vaccine among all people, whether friends or enemies, among Moors, among Vifayans, and among Chinefe; but alfo to fecure to pofterity, in the dominions of his Majesty, the perpetuity of fo great a benefit, partly by means of the central committees that have been established, as well as by the difcovery which Balmis made of an indigenous matter in the cows of the valley of Atlixco, near the city of Puebla de los Angeles; in the neighbourhood of that of Valladolid de Mechoacan, where the adjutant Antonio Gutierrez found it; and in the district of Calabozo, in the province of Caracas, where Don Carlos de Pozo, physician of the refidence, found it.

A multitude of obfervations, which will be publifhed without delay, refpecting the developement of the vaccine in various climes, and refpecting its efficacy, not merely in preventing the natural fmall-pox, but in curing fimultaneoufly other morbid affections of the human frame, will manifeft how important to humanity will prove the confequences of an expedition, which has no parallel in hiftory

Though the object of this undertaking was limited to the communication of the vaccine in every quarter; to the inftruç tion of profeffors, and to the eftablishment of regulations which might ferve to render it perpetual,-nevertheless, the director has onitted no means of rendering his fervices beneficial, at the fame time, to agriculture and the fciences. He brings with him a conliderable collection of exotic plants. He has caufed to be drawn the most valuable

fubjects

fubjects in natural history. He has amaffed much important information; and, among other claims to the gratitude of his country, not the leaft confifts in having imported a valuable affemblage of trees and vegetables, in a state to admit of propagation, and which, being cultivated in thofe parts of the peninsula that are moft congenial to their growth, will render this expedition as memorable in the annals of agriculture, as in thofe of medicine and humanity. It is hoped that the fubdirector and his coadjutors, appointed to carry thefe bleflings to Peru, will fhortly return by way of Buenos-Ayres, after having accomplished their journey through that vice-royalty, the vice-royalty of Lima, and the diftricts of Chili and Charcas; and that they will bring with them fuch collections and obfervations as they have been able to acquire, according to the inftructions given by the director, without lofing fight of the philanthropic commiffion which they received from his Majefty, in the 'plenitude of his zeal for the welfare of the human race.

For the Monthly Magazine. RECENT IMPROVEMENTS of the METROPOLIS, in the VICINITY of BLOOMSBURY and the FOUNDLING-HOSPITAL.

fort-fighted policy which retarded the commencement of thefe plans fhould have again evinced itfelf, and an injunction obtained from the court of Chancery to prevent the making, under auy modifications whatever, a communication between Queen fquare and Guilfordstreet; the inlets to which cannot now, without the aid of Parliament, be materially amended for many centuries; and the fquare muft confequently be acceffible only by the prefent iniferable avenues from the fouth and weft. It is alfo unfortunate, that, from the fame fource of oppofition, the continuation of Queenfquare of an equal width, was not effected to the northern extremity of the Foundling eftate, which had been prôjected.

It is much to be regretted, that the plan of Mr. Cockerell the architect was not adopted-by which the hofpital wás to form the centre of one large fquare, extending the whole fize of Brumtwickfquare, a correfponding space eastward, and to Guilford-street fouthward; the ufelefs dwarf buildings round the hofpital being removed to make way for a noble area, defigned to have been dreffed, planted, and furrounded by iron palifadoes, which would then have formed by far the grandeft fquare in London, and a fuperb ornament to the metropolis.

Perhaps alfo it may be confidered unTHAT tund legal buenies, for the of Bedford were not carr HAT a fituation fo convenient for fortunate, that the original intentions of

for pleafure, as the neighbourhood of the Foundling Hofpital, should so long have continued unbuilt upon, when the most remote and inaufpicious parts of the town have been moft closely covered over, has been a subject of great furprile. The means that were ufed by an interested party, by whom the charity was fo long kept from thofe advantages its fituation commanded, to protract the commencement of a plan from which fuch an immenfe revenue will now be derived, being overcome by the exertions of its friends, the buildings were commenced in the year 1790 in Guilford-street, to the eastward of Lamb's Conduit-street; and from that time have been unceasingly profecuted to the prefent year.

Very foon after the commencement of thefe buildings, the proprietor of the Doughty eftate adjoining caftward, and the late Duke of Bedford to the weft, united in carrying into effect thofe plans which have now revealed themfelves to the public; but it will long be a fubject of deep regret, that any part of the

ried into effect. By thefe it was propofed to rebuild the manfion-houfe on a magnificent fcale, removed further from Bloomsbury-fquare, and to radiate two lines of capital houfes northward from thence to the New Road, on each fide of a lawn of about thirty acres inclofed and planted, having funk cross-roads to communicate with Gower-freet. Under this impreffion, the new houfes on the caft fide of Ruffell-fquare, and the detached houfes northward, were built. But the fubfequent determination of the duke to refide nearer the court produced the prefent arrangement; by which fo great an increase has already been made to his grace's rental, and which will fo prodigiously enlarge the income of his fucceffors.

In 1800 Beford-houfe was pulled down, and in 1803 all the new houfes between Ruffell-fquare and Bloomsbury-square, on the fite of the old houfe and gardens, were erected; fince 1801, all the new buildings, exclufive of thofe already mentioned, on what was formerly known

as the Long-fields, have been erected. Ruffell-iquare is confiderably larger than any other in London, Lincoln's Inn-fields excepted. Its dimentions nearly (for it is not perfectly at right angles, in confequence of the alteration of the plan already mentioned,) are 678 feet on each fide. Bolton-houfe, occupied in 1803 by the late Earl Rofslyn, has recently been divided into two, and its courtyard covered by three excellent houfes, which completes the eastern fide of the fquare.

Much pains have been ufed and expenfe incurred, in laying out and planting the area of this fquare; which, when the trees and plants thall have arrived at a greater degree of maturity, will render it one of the moft agreeable in London. On the fouth ade, immediately oppofite Bedford-place, a pedeftrian ftatue in bronze of the late excellent Duke Francis, is to be fet up by Mr. Weftmacot, by public fubfcription, and will, much add to the beauty of this place..

To the northward, Tavistock-fquare is commenced, and by an early attention to the inclofing and planting its area be fore, the erection of the habitations, it has becotue at once pleasant, healthy,, and dearable.

To the eastward of the Foundling-hofpital a fquare is begun, of the fame dimentions as Brunswick-fquare, Northward of the hofpital garden, is the eftate of Mr. Harriton, where a refpectable Beighbourhood is rapidly forming; and nearly adjoining, is a large field belong ing to the Skinners Company, for which, extenfive building-plans have been projected, but through fome extraordinary inadvertence, no agreement has been effected, to infure refpectable acceffes either by the fouth, eaft, or western üdes. namat

The eftate formerly belonging to Mr. Mortimer, at the north end of Gower, treet, after many years' litigation, has, now become the property of Sir William Paxton, who propofes to put up extenfive and refpectable buildings on it, and, to continue Gower-freet to the rond.

To the northward of Tavistock-iquare, an area of about twenty acres is propofed to be furrounded with buildings the entre to be occupied and dreffed as nariery-grounds; the Paddington road running between them. Directly north ward, from the centre of this large area, a wide grand road is to lead to the Hampflead road at Camden Town; the fades to be planted with double rows of MONTHLY MAG, No, 169.

trees, and the houses to be coupled or detached, allowing abundant space to each for refpectable inhabitants.

It is worthy of remark, that a line drawn from the obelifk in St. George's-. fields to the Hampstead road, will directly pafs to the eastward of Somerfet-place in the Strand, by Bloomsbury, through Ruffell and Tavistock-fquares, and the above grand avenue; and, at a comparatively finall expenfe, form a noble street of communication of more than three miles in extent; dividing the metropolis north and fouth, almoft centrally.

The new bridge (fo injudiciously intended to be built across the Thames oppofite Beaufort-buildings), without the pollibility of any confiderable northern outlet, fhould undoubtedly be placed in this line; the eaftern wing of Somerfetplace completed, and a correfpondent. range of buildings at the back of Surryftreet erected, with a fpacious ftreet be-: tween, at least eighty feet wide, forming the accefs from the Strand, and leading: direct to the propofed grand ftrect.

The road from the bridge to the obelik would be through property that must be moft materially increafed in value by the operation; and if the prices which building-ground has produced to the cor poration of London, at their improve ments by Snow-hill and Temple-bar, be a criterion, the making fo grand a fireet as is here projected, would prove an undertaking of very confiderable profit to any individuals who, fanétioned by the legiflature, might undertake it; the greater proportion of the fpace between that part of Holborn and the Strand being at prefent chiefly occupied as fheds or tenements of the moft miferable quality. The new street would allow of houfes of the moft refpectable clafs, public or pri vate, and confequently the ground muft be proportionably valuable. It fhould alfo be at least eighty feet wide; ninety or one hundred, would be better, and. its arrangement of houfes, elevation, character, &c. ought all to be new and ftriking. The dwellings thould afford fufficient fpace for trade, but not to overwhelm the tradefmen with rent, and pri vate individuals, or profeffional men, fhould therem find accommodations.

To return to the new buildings by Bloomsbury, The, corporation of the city of London on its eltate between Gowertreet and Tottenham Courtroad, is causing a freet, with a crefcent at each end to be erected, and a long, range of hops next the road: the whole

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