CHAP. LXIV. A New Session. - Rupture with Holland. A New Session.-Victory of the English.-Rupture with France. Rupture with Denmark. - New Session. -Sea-fight of Four Days. Victory of the English. -Fire of London. Advances towards Peace. Disgrace at Chatham. Peace of Breda. - Clarendon's Fall- and Banishment.-State of France. Character of Lewis XIV. - French Invasion of the Low Countries.-Negotiations. - Triple League. -Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Affairs of Scotland and of Ireland. THE HE next session of parliament discovered a con- CHAP. pre LXIV. vailed in all the foregoing. Monarchy and the church 1664. were still the objects of regard and affection. During March 16, no period of the present reign did this spirit more A new evidently pass the bounds of reason and moderation. session. THE King, in his speech to the parliament, had ventured openly to demand a repeal of the triennial act; and he even went so far as to declare that, notwithstanding the law, he never would allow any parliament to be assembled by the methods prescribed in that statute. The parliament, without taking offence at this declaration, repealed the law; and, in lieu of all the securities formerly provided, satisfied themselves with a general clause," that parliaments should not "be interrupted above three years at the most." As the English parliament had now raised itself to be a regular check and control upon royal power, it is evident 1664. CHAP. evident that they ought still to have preserved a LXIV. regular security for their meeting, and not have trusted entirely to the good-will of the King, who, if ambitious or enterprising, had so little reason to be pleased with these assemblies. Before the end of Charles's reign, the nation had occasion to feel very sensibly the effects of this repeal. with Holland. By the act of uniformity, every clergyman, who should officiate without being properly qualified, was punishable by fine and imprisonment: But this security was not thought sufficient for the church. It was now enacted, that wherever five persons above those of the same household should assemble in a religious congregation, every one of them was liable, for the first offence, to be imprisoned three months, or pay five pounds; for the second, to be imprisoned six months, or pay ten pounds; and for the third, to be transported seven years, or pay a hundred pounds. The parliament had only in their eye the malignity of the sectaries: They should have carried their intention farther, to the chief cause of that malignity, the restraint under which they laboured. THE Commons likewise passed a vote, that the wrongs, dishonours, and indignities, offered to the English by the subjects of the United Provinces, were the greatest obstructions to all foreign trade: And they promised to assist the King with their lives and fortunes in asserting the rights of his crown against all opposition whatsoever. This was the first open step towards the Duch war. We must explain the causes and motives of this measure. Rupture THAT close union and confederacy, which, during a course of near seventy years, has subsisted, almost without interruption or jealousy, between England and Holland, is not so much founded on the natural unalterable interests of these states, as on their terror of the growing power of the French Monarch, who, without their combination, it is appre hended, 1664. 397 hended, would soon extend his dominion over Eu- CHAP. rope. In the first years of Charles's reign, when LXIV. the ambitious genius of Lewis had not, as yet, displayed itself, and when the great force of his people was in some measure, unknown even to themselves, the rivalship of commerce, not checked by any other jealousy or apprehension, had in England begotten a violent enmity against the neighbouring republic. TRADE was beginning, among the English, to be a matter of general concern; but notwithstanding all their efforts and advantages, their commerce seemed hitherto to stand upon a footing, which was somewhat precarious. The Dutch, who by industry and frugality were enabled to undersell them in every market, retained possession of the most lucrative branches of commerce; and the English merchants had the mortification to find that all attempts to extend their trade were still turned, by the vigilance of their rivals, to their loss and dishonour. Their indignation increased, when they considered the superior naval power of England; the bravery of her officers and seamen, her favourable situation, which enabled her to intercept the whole Dutch commerce. By the prospect of these advantages they were strongly prompted, from motives less just than political, to make war upon the States; and at once to ravish from them by force what they could not obtain, or could obtain but slowly, by superior skill and industry. THE careless unambitious temper of Charles rendered him little capable of forming so vast a project as that of engrossing the commerce and naval power of Europe; yet could he not remain altogether insensible to such obvious and such tempting prospects. His genius, happily turned towards mechanics, had inclined him to study naval affairs, which, of all branches of business, he both loved the most and understood the best. Though the Dutch, dur 1664, CHAP. ing his exile, had expressed towards him more ciLXIV. vility and friendship, than he had received from any other foreign power; the Louvestein or aristocratic faction, which at this time ruled the commonwealth, had fallen into close union with France; and could that party be subdued, he might hope that his nephew, the young Prince of Orange, would be reinstated in the authority possessed by his ancestors, and would bring the States to a dependence under England. His narrow revenues made it still requisite for him to study the humours of his people, which now ran violently towards war; and it has been suspected, though the suspicion was not justified by the event, that the hopes of diverting some of the supplies to his private use were not overlooked by this necessitous monarch. May 17. THE Duke of York, more active and enterprising, pushed more eagerly the war with Holland. He desired an opportunity of distinguishing himself: He loved to cultivate commerce: He was at the head of a new African company, whose trade was extremely checked by the settlements of the Dutch: And perhaps the religious prejudices, by which that Prince was always so much governed, began even so early to instil into him an antipathy against a protestant commonwealth, the bulwark of the reformation. Clarendon and Southampton, observing that the nation was not supported by any foreign alliance, were averse to hostilities; but their credit was now on the decline. By these concurring motives, the court and parliament were both of them inclined to a Dutch war. The parliament was prorogued without voting supplies But as they had been induced, without any open application from the crown, to pass that vote above-mentioned against the Dutch encroachments, it was reasonably considered as sufficient sanction for the vigorous measures which were resolved on. DOWNING, 1664. DOWNING, the English minister at the Hague, a CHAP. man of an insolent impetuous temper, presented a LXIV. memorial to the States, containing a list of those depredations, of which the English complained. It is remarkable, that all the pretended depredations preceded the year 1662, when à treaty of league and alliance had been renewed with the Dutch; and these complaints were then thought either so illgrounded or so frivolous, that they had not been mentioned in the treaty. Two ships alone, the Bonaventure and the Good-hope, had been claimed by the English; and it was agreed that the claim should be prosecuted by the ordinary course of justice. The States had consigned a sum of money in case the cause should be decided against them; but the matter was still in dependence. Cary, who was entrusted by the proprietors with the management of the law-suit for the Bonaventure, had resolved to accept of thirty thousand pounds, which were offered him; but was hindered by Downing, who told him, that the claim was a matter of state between the two nations, not a concern of private persons". These circumstances give us no favourable idea of the justice of the English pretensions. CHARLES Confined not himself to memorials and remonstrances. Sir Robert Holmes was secretly dispatched with a squadron of twenty-two ships to the coast of Africa. He not only expelled the Dutch from Cape Corse, to which the English had some pretensions: He likewise seized the Dutch settlements of Cape Verde and the isle of Goree, together with several ships trading on the coast. And having sailed to America, he possessed himself of Nova Belgia, since called New York; a territory which James the First had given by patent to the Earl of Sterling, but which had never been planted but by the Hollanders. When the States complained Temple, vol. ii. p. 42. |