leaf of the plant the larva feeds on, but most commonly on or in the ground. Imago with antennæ nine-jointed, of uniform substance, or attenuated towards the apex; mandibles short, strong, very acute at the apex, and having one internal tooth; maxilla with the blade

acute, the galea obtuse and exarticulate, the feelers long and six-jointed; labium short, with the ligula distinctly trilobed; wings ample; podeon equally developed with the other segments; oviduct with teeth like a saw. Abundant in the spring and summer in woods, &c., on leaves and flowers. Nematus, Cladius, Croesus, Emphytus, Dolerus, Dosytheus, Allantus, Fenusa, Asticta, represented in the margin, Selandria, Athalia.

Asticta Ianthe.

Hylotomites. Larva cylindrical, rather attenuated towards the extremities, with six articulated and fourteen membranaceous legs. Inhabits and feeds on the leaves of vegetables. Pupa changes mostly on the surface of the ground. Imago with the antenna three-jointed; the basal and second joints very short, the third very long, ciliated, and often double, or having two shafts in the manner of a fork; mandibles corneous, acute, with a small internal tooth; maxilla with the blade acute, the galea robust and obtuse, the feeler long and six-jointed; labium short, with the ligula small, but distinctly trilobed ; feelers four-jointed; ocelli three; body with the segments and oviduct as in the Allantites. Settles and feeds on umbellate flowers. Schizocerus, Hylotoma.

Club-horned saw-flies or Tenthredinites. Larva mostly shagreened, cylindrical, with six articulate and twelve prehensile legs. Feeds on the leaves of trees. Pupa changes in a case composed of a glutinous matter, which becomes very hard when exposed to the air; the case is attached to

a slender twig of the plant on which the larva feeds; in this case the larva remains unchanged during the months of autumn, winter and spring. Imago with antennæ sevenjointed, of which the third joint is always elongate, and the apical ones always form a club; the mandibles are longer than in the preceding order, acute at the apex, and internally bidentate; maxilla with the lacinia obtuse and hirsute, the galea rather obtuse and distinctly articulate, and the feelers long and six-jointed; labium short, with the ligula distinctly trilobed, the feelers four-jointed; ocelli three; segments of the body fully developed; oviduct as in the Allantites. Inhabits flowers and leaves; flies in the sunshine. Abia, Zarea, Cimbex, Trichiosoma,

Lydites. Larva smooth, cylindrical, with six short, articulate, and no prehensile legs. Feeds on the leaves of trees, inhabiting a web of its own making. Pupa changes in a silken cocoon on the stem of the trees it inhabits, or on the ground. Imago with the antennæ composed of seventeen to thirty joints, filiform, and attenuated exteriorly; mandibles long, acute at the apex, and having one tooth internally; maxilla with the blade and galea obtuse, the feeler long and six-jointed; labium short, ligula more pro

Lophyrus rufus.

duced, trilobed; ocelli three; head large, orbicular; wings ample, with numerous nervures; legs short; podeon fully developed; body short and robust. Inhabits woods, flying in the sun, settling on leaves, and occasionally, but rarely, on flowers. Tarpa, Lyda. Lophyrus, although differing

in having the antennæ composed of fewer joints and pectinated in both sexes, can scarcely be distinguished as belonging to a separate order: it frequents the spruce fir, spinning its little cocoon on the twigs.

Cephites. Larva elongate, with its feet obsolete or rudimental. Inhabits and feeds on the stalks of corn and the buds of fruit-trees. Pupa changes within the stalk. Imago with antennæ many jointed, long, filiform, slightly incrassated externally; mandibles short, broad, trifid; maxillæ with the blade distinct and acute, the galea elongate, and separated from the maxilla by a distinct line, the feeler long and six-jointed; labium with its four parts perfectly developed, the feeler-bearer elongate, and notched at the apex, the ligula produced and trilobed, and the feeler fourjointed; ocelli three; head rather square, broader than the following segments; prothorax fully developed, cylindrical, quite detached from the mesothorax; podeon fully developed, divided on the back longitudinally; body elongate ; legs elongate; flight easy and graceful, in the sunshine. Cephus, which settles in abundance on composite flowers by the road-side, and in meadows on Ranunculi: Janus, Phyllocus, which settles on the leaves of trees in woods, is represented below.

The great Fuller-beetle, Melolontha Fullo.

CHAPTER V.

OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF COLEOPTERA.

THE metamorphosis of Coleoptera is necromorphous. Larva with corneous mandibles, moving horizontally; a pair of articulate feet, generally on the second, third, and fourth segments; no other feet, unless a prehensile caudal appendage occasionally present can be so denominated. Food very various. Pupa of nearly uniform appearance. Imago with the parts of the mouth fully developed; the mandibles moving horizontally, and being employed in mastication. Wings fully developed; fore wings hard, crustaceous, not used in flying, when closed meeting with parallel edges, and completely covering the hind wings, to protect which appears their only office; hind wings generally much longer than the body, folded longitudinally and transversely be

neath the fore wings. Prothorax very large; mesothorax small; metathorax large. Food various.

Slow-legged beetles or Blapsites. Larva elongate, cylindrical, with six articulate and one caudal leg. Lives in the dark, feeding on decayed animal and vegetable substances. Pupa changes in the same situations. Imago with moniliform antennæ, the third joint being the longest; mandibles small but strong, bifid at the apex; maxillæ with a single tooth internally; wings, particularly the hind pair, frequently wanting. Inhabits cellars, out-houses, decayed trees, &c., shunning the light, and moving by night with a slow, awkward, and disgusting gait; of uniform dark brown or black colour. Blaps.

Helopites. Larva very elongate, cylindrical, frequently with two hooks on the telum. Inhabits and feeds on decayed wood. Pupa changes in the same situations. Imago with filiform antennæ; mandibles sometimes bifid, sometimes terminating in a single point; maxilla without the internal tooth; fore wings generally soft and flexible, hind wings generally perfect, adapted for flight. Inhabits decayed woods, flowers, &c. Melandrya, Cistela, Helops, Edemera, Diaperis.

Mordellites. Larva less elongate, soft, and more fleshy; legs less distinct. Inhabits and feeds on decaying or living wood, and is sometimes parasitical in the nests of wasps. Pupa changes in the same situations. Imago generally with pectinated antennæ, particu

larly the males; head somewhat heartshaped, and united vertically to the prothorax; fore wings flexible, wide at the base, narrow at the apex; hind wings mostly without the longitudinal fold. Inhabits flowers; diurnal, flies and runs with rapidity and ease. Anaspis, Mordella, Ripiphorus,

Ripiphorus.