Prominents or Notodontites. Larva generally naked; sometimes slightly downy; attenuated towards the tail; with eight prehensile feet; the two posterior ones being mostly wanting, and the segment usually bearing them elevated in the air. Pupa smooth, obese, compact; mostly changes in a cocoon or web, but occasionally on or in the ground. Imago with the antenna of the males more or less pectinated; wings deflexed; flight, with few exceptions, in the evening. Endromis, Cerura, Stauropus, Platypteryx, Cilix, Notodonta, Pygara, Clostera.

Prominent Moth.

Wood-eaters or Xyleutites. Larva depressed, rather attenuated towards either extremity; naked, except a few scattered hairs; prothorax flat and corneous; ten prehensile feet; feeds on the bark, solid wood, pith, or roots of vegetables. Pupa furnished with a double row of short spines on each segment; it changes in a tough cocoon amongst its food, after remaining through the winter in the larva state. Imago with the antennæ of the males more or less pectinated: flight nocturnal. Hepialus, Xyleutes, Zeuzera.

Clear-wings or Ægeriites. Larva and pupa, in habit and economy, precisely as in the preceding. Imago with antennæ incrassated externally, and the

tip furnished with a slightly recurved hook, consisting of a few bristles; in the males ciliated; wings narrow, mostly transparent; body elongate, slender, and

tufted at the extremity; flight diurnal, in Caterpillar and chrysalis the hottest sunshine, and eminently grace- of the Currant Clear-wing. ful. Ægeria, represented at page 208.

Burnet-moths or Glaucopites. Larva obese, hairy, with ten prehensile legs. Pupa smooth, very glossy; changes in

a close gummy cocoon, pointed at both ends, and attached generally to a blade of grass. Imago with clavate antennæ; slightly pectinated in the males. Zygana, Ino.

Pearl-moths or Pyralites. Larva rather more slender than the foregoing, slightly hairy, with ten prehensile feet. Pupa elongate, very lively; changes in a silken cocoon. Imago with filiform antennæ; wings somewhat triangular, deflexed; legs very long, and furnished with long spurs. Ennychia, Pyrausta, Hydrocampa, Botys, Scopula, Pyralis, Polypogon, Hypena.

Veneer-moths or Crambites. Larva elongate, naked, with ten prehensile feet. Pupa elongate; changes in a slight cocoon. Imago with very prominent labial feelers; antennæ filiform, sometimes pubescent; wings ample, folded round the body; flight in the evening. Crambus, and allied genera.

Ermine-moths or Yponomeutites. Larva elongate, slightly hairy, with ten prehensile feet; gregarious, spinning a web; if touched, runs backwards, falls and suspends itself by a thread. Pupa elongate, smooth; changes in a cocoon amongst its food. Imago with filiform antennæ; wings folded round the body, often beautifully dotted and marked with black. Yponomeuta, and neighbouring genera.

Bell-moths or Tortricites. Larva more obese than the foregoing, slightly hairy, with ten prehensile feet; grega

rious, spinning a web; if touched, runs backwards with a rapid twisting motion, and falls, hanging by a thread. Pupa elongate, attached by the tail; changes in a silken cocoon, generally amidst the web of the larva. Imago with filiform antennæ; the fore wings with a prominent shoulder, which gives the insect, when at rest, precisely the shape of a bell. Tortrix, and allied genera.

Bell-moth.

Clothes-moths or Tineites. Larva elongate, with ten prehensile legs; concealed in a sack constructed by itself, which it enlarges from time to time as it increases in bulk; feeds on woollen cloths, hair, and decayed animal and vegetable substances. Pupa elongate; changes within the sack. Imago with filiform antennæ, and narrow wings; flight gregarious, rising and falling. Tinea, represented at page 199 (fig. 1), and allied genera.

Plume-moths or Alucitites. Larva slender, with ten prehensile feet; the anterior part capable of great attenuation and extension, in the manner of a leech. Pupa elongate; changes in a silken cocoon. Imago with filiform antenna; wings extended at right angles with the body; very narrow, and divided to the base, each division having the appearance of a perfect and distinct feather. Pterophorus, Alucita, represented below.

Tabanus bovinus. The common gad-fly.

CHAPTER III.

OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF DIPTERA.

IN the second class, Diptera, the metamorphosis, as in Lepidoptera, is amorphous. Larva with minute corneous mandibles, moving horizontally; without articulate or prehensile feet; feeds on recent or decaying animal and vegetable substances. Imago of Diptera with the parts of the mouth variously developed; the mandibles never possessing the horizontal motion, or masticatory power; the fore wings fully developed ; the hind wings undeveloped; assuming the appearance of small pedunculated knobs, and denominated halteres or poisers; tarsi five-jointed.

Wheat-flies or Cecidomyites. Larva elongate, feeds on the blossoms of wheat and other grain, the leaves of plants, &c., causing excrescences. Pupa changes in the same situation, in a tough case. Imago usually with moniliform antennæ, as long as the body, composed of about twelve or thirteen joints in the female, and twice as many in the male maxillary feelers four-jointed; ligula short, obtuse, and tomentose; wings wide, as long as the body, which they cover horizontally; female furnished with a long oviduct. Cecidomyia, Campylomyza.

Crane-flies or Tipulites. Larva stout, very soft, attenuated anteriorly, abruptly terminated posteriorly; feeds on the roots of corn, grass, and other vegetables, or occasionally on decayed wood. Pupa changes in the same situations; it has often two remarkable recurved horns, porrected from its head, through which it is said to breathe; and the segments of the body are mostly armed with spines. Imago with antenna thirteen to seventeen-jointed; frequently pectinated in the males; ligula fleshy, bilobed, dilated; maxillary feelers five-jointed, curved, the points turning outwards; ocelli none. Ctenophora, Pedicia, Tipula, Erioptera, Limnobia.

Fungus-flies or Mycetophilites. Larva elongate, glabrous; feeds on decaying fungi. Pupa changes in the same situations. Imago with antennæ sixteen-jointed, sometimes very long, moniliform, and simple in both sexes; ligula and other organs of the mouth obscurely developed or obsolete; ocelli three; wings rather wide, covering the body horizontally; body very slender, the same length as the wings; legs long. Bolitophila, Macrocera, Synapha, Mycetobia, Platyura, Sciophila, Leia, Mycetophila, Molobrus, Lestrema, Zygoneura.

Rhyphites. Larva very elongate, smooth, cylindrical, encompassed by eleven corneous shining rings; head fur