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firmness, and energy, and elevation of character are shown by those at the head of the State; nevertheless, they are certainly most serious.

On the 25th August, 1860, Lord John Russell sent the following despatch to Sir H. Bulwer on the affairs of Damascus :

It may be useful to you, and it is due to her Majesty's Government, as well as to the British nation, to explain to you the painful nature of the feelings of horror, resentment, and indignation which have been excited in this country by the atrocities lately committed in Syria.

From the time of the Treaty of Kainardji of 1774 to the Treaty of Paris of 1856, Turkey was fettered in her internal government by her engagements to Russia. By repeated treaties and conventions, by armed interference at one time, and specious protection at another, the Christians of the Turkish Empire were made the subjects of the Czar quite as much as of the Ottoman Porte. But a few efforts were wanting to break the last links which bound the people of the Principalities, Bulgaria, and Bosnia, to the Sultan, and make him either a vassal of Russia or an Asiatic Power.

At this time Great Britain and France interfered. The siege of Sebastopol and the provisions of the Treaty of Paris converted the exclusive protection of Christians by Russia into an engagement, general in its nature, respectful to the Sultan in its form, by which it was hoped the lives and properties of the Christian subjects of the Porte would be guaranteed, and their condition gradually improved.

It was therefore with a shock of amazement, as well as of horror, that the intelligence of the massacres of Hasbeya, Zahlé, Deir-el-Kamar, and Damascus, was received in Great Britain. It was not that a barbarous Mahometan or Pagan tribe had murdered by wholesale other tribes with which they were at enmity; it was not the utter inhumanity which marked and deepened the shade of these murders; it was that Turkish pashas and beys, chosen by the Sultan to govern and protect his subjects, were evidently abettors and favourers of these massacres. Among these Kourshid Pasha was one of the most prominent. The troops commanded by him either looked on in apathy, or actually participated in the worst of these massacres. Fuad Pasha, sent on a special mission to inquire and to punish, proposed actually to leave this man in the administration of the government whose powers he perverted, and it was not till a British admiral interfered that he consented to deprive the pasha of his authority! Achmet Pasha at Damascus gave full sway to the dissolute mob which murdered and plundered Christians. Othman Bey, at Deir-el-Kamar, did still worse; he disarmed the Christians, and then admitted their murderers. to slay the unarmed multitude.

When the news of these events, even in imperfect reports, reached this country, men naturally said, "The blood and treasure of Great Britain and France were poured out freely to maintain the independence of the Sultan. They asked no territory, no exclusive privileges in return; they asked only that the Christian subjects of the Porte might be treated with humanity, to the great advantage of the Sultan himself. An outbreak of fanatical Mahometans we could well understand. But this treachery, brutality, and cruelty, on the part of persons selected by the Sultan himself to govern his best provinces, shows either some deep design to exterminate the Christians, or an unheard-of degree of weakness and

apathy at Constantinople, or an amount of venality and corruption which it is difficult to credit."

You must not be surprised that such feelings should be excited, and such reflections made; nor would it be of any use to conceal from the Porte that either the whole system of Ottoman Government must be replaced by one founded on integrity and justice, or the Sultan must prepare himself for the abandonment of his cause by his best and most persevering allies.

On the 14th November, 1860, Sir H. Bulwer sent to Lord John Russell the following budget, which the Porte proposed to adopt for the year 1860, or 1276 and 1277 of the Egire.

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Observation Générale.—Il est à remarquer que par les remboursements que se font les prêteurs sur les revenus qui leur sont donnés en garantie, comme par les emprunts sur place que continue de faire le Gouvernement, cette situation se modifie sans cesse sans qu'il soit possible de le suivre, ainsi qu'il est expliqué dans la note sur les travaux du Conseil. Tels sont cependant les renseignements les plus probables recueillis à différentes époques et que nous ne donnons que sous toutes réserves attendu qu'aucun document officiel ne nous en a garanti l'exactitude.

Il résulte de ce Tableau que la somme de 462,704,000 francs reste à liquider soit par une prorogation de consolidation, soit par un accroissement de ressources intérieures, soit par un emprunt.

On the 28th November, 1860, Sir H. Bulwer sent to Lord John Russell the report of the French and English Commissioners with respect to the state of Turkish finances, which included an examination of the finances of the empire, the preparation of new laws, and the suggestion of reforms, but the commissioners complained that they were unable to obtain the necessary information. In consequence of this difficulty, the commission was converted into a permanent financial court under the presidency of his Highness Mahmed Rushti Pasha. The information then received showed that the receipts amounted to 286,187,007 francs, and the expenses to 293,722,909 francs, leaving a deficit of 7,535,902 francs.

On the 16th April, 1861, Sir H. Bulwer sent a note to Lord John Russell, inclosing a copy of the financial project which the Porte had brought out, giving the terms of the new measure as follows:

:

Article 1. Il sera émis des caïmés pour la somme de 1,250,000,000 de piastres; ces caïmés circuleront comme monnaie dans toute l'étendue de l'Empire Ottoman, et seront, sans aucune difficulté, reçus en paiement par toutes les administrations et caisses publiques, à l'exception des douanes.

Art. 2. Sur ce chiffre, 250,000,000 seront destinés à former les deux tiers du capital de 375,000,000 en monnaies de bon aloi, qui sera ainsi qu'il en est fait mention plus bas, affecté au maintien du change sur l'Europe, et le reste, soit un milliard, servira à retirer les caïmés actuellement en circulation, et à solder, d'après un mode économique, les dettes du Trésor provenant des arriérés de l'année 1276 et des années antérieures.

Art. 3. Afin de pouvoir effectuer l'émission à la fin du mois de Mars 1862, il sera procédés dès à présent à la confection des titres des 1,250,000,000 de caïmés dont le papier sera confectionné dans des fabriques spéciales de manière à en rendre la contrefaçon impossible. Ces titres, au fur et à mesure qu'ils auront été imprimés, seront consignés à la commission de remboursement dont il est fait mention plus loin, où ils seront numérotés et revêtus d'un timbre spécial. La totalité des caïmés devra être prête au mois de Mars; les opérations du maintien du change commenceront à partir de la fin du même mois.

Art. 4. Le capital de 375,000,000 de piastres en monnaie métallique, destiné au maintien du change, devant être disponible à la fin de Mars, 1862, il sera immédiatement tiré, au moyen de planches actuellement existantes, de caïmés pour la somme de 150,000,000 à valoir sur les 500,000,000 affectés à cet objet, en pièces de 100, de 50, et de 20 piastres. Ces caïmés, formant la somme de 150,000,000, porteront au dos une inscription indiquant que leur mise en circulation pourra être effectuée à partir seulement de la fin du mois de Mars, 1862, et seront dès à présent distribués aux populations de l'Empire, contre des monnaies d'or ou d'argent de bon aloi, à titre de prêt pour la periode d'une année, à l'expiration de laquelle les porteurs auront la faculté de livrer ces titres à la circulation et d'en disposer à leur convenance. Dans le cas néanmoins où le public éprouverait trop de difficultés à se procurer la totalité de leur contre-valeur en monnaie de bon aloi, un partie de cette contre-valeur, égale au quart de chaque versement, pourra être reçue en bechlicks ou en altiliks. Une portion des 225,000,000 qui doit parfair le capital, sera, jusqu'à concurrence de 100,000,000, convertie par les fonds du Trésor, contre lesquels seront délivrés des caïmés de pareille somme, pris sur ceux qui seront émis pour cette destination. Le solde sera réalisé au moyen des produits des forêts, des mines et des propriétés appartenant à l'Etat; ces produits seront confiés à la commission de remboursement dont il est fait mention ci-après. Le bois de construction provenant de forêts, ainsi que les propriétés de l'Etat, seront vendus conformément aux lois de l'Empire, et les mines seront données à ferme à des compagnies particulières.

Art. 5. L'émission des nouveaux caïmés ne devant avoir lieu qu'en Mars, 1862, il sera émis à titre provisoire jusqu'à cette époque une somme mensuelle de 30,000,000 de caïmés, destinée a fair face aux besoins les plus pressants du Ministère des Finances. Ces caïmés, tirés au moyen des planches existantes, circuleront comme par le passé exclusivement à Con

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