quare, quapropter, quacunque; So, trãdo, trādūco, trāno, for transno, &c. Eadem is short, except in the abl. sing. eâdem. E is short; as, nefas, nefastus, nefandus, nefarius, neque, nequeo; trěděcim, trěcenti, equidem, sělibra, valedico, madefacio, tepefaciò, patěfacio, &c. hujuscěmodi, ejuscěmõdi-Except sēděcim, semodius, nequis, nē quam, nequitia, nëquando, nēmo, crēdo, mēmet, mēcum, tēcum, sēcum; veneficus, videlicet. U also is short; as, ducenti, dépondium; quadrupes, centuplum, Trojugěna, cornupěta; but judico is long.-Y likewise in Greek words is short; as, Polydõrus, Polýdămas, Polyphēmus, Dorýphõrus. VERSE. A VERSE is a certain number of long and short syllables disposed according to rule. It is so called, because when the number of syllables requisite is completed, we always turn back to the beginning of a new line. The parts into which we divide a verse, to see if it have its just number of syllables, are called Feet. A verse is divided into different feet, both to ascertain its measure or number of syllables, and to regulate its pronunciation. FEET. Poetic feet are either of two, three, or four syllables. When a single syllable is taken by itself, it is called a Casura, which is commonly a long syllable. 1. Feet of two Syllables. Spondeus, consists of two long; as, ōmnēs. Pyrrhichius, Iambus, two short; as, děŭs. a short and a long; as, ămāns. Trochaus or Choreus, a long and a short; as, sērvūs. 2. Feet of three Syllables. Dactylus, a long and two short; as, scriběrě. The measuring of verse, or the resolving of it into the several feet of which it is composed, is called Scanning. When a verse has just the number of feet requisite, it is called Versus Acatalectus or Acatalecticus, an Acatalectic verse: if a syllable be wanting, it is called Catalecticus; if there be a syllable too much, Hypercatalecticus, or Hypermĕter. The ascertaining whether the verse be complete, defective, or redundant, is called Depositio or Clausúla. DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERSE. 1. HEXAMETER. Of The Hexameter or heroic verse consists of six feet. these the fifth is a dactyle, and the sixth a spondee; all the rest may be either dactyles or spondees; as, Lūdĕrě quæ vēl- | lēm călă- mō pēr- misit ǎ- | grēstī. Virg. A regular Hexameter line cannot have more than seventeen syllables, or fewer than thirteen. Sometimes a spondee is found in the fifth place, whence the verse is called Spondaic; as, Cără Dĕ- | ūm sõbŏ- | lēs mā- | gnûm Jõvis | încrē- | mēntūm. Virg. This verse is used, when any thing grave, slow, large, sad, or the like, is expressed. It commonly has a dactyle in the fourth place, and a word of four syllables in the end. Sometimes there remains a superfluous syllable at the end. But this syllable must either terminate in a vowel, or in the consonant m, with a vowel before it; so as to be joined with the following verse, which in the present case must always begin with a vowel; as, Omniă | Mercuri- | ō simi- | līs vō- | cemque co- | lōrēmque. Et flavos crines Those Hexameter verses sound best, which have dactyles and spondees alternately; as, Ludere, quæ vellem, calamo permisit agresti. Virg. Pinguis et ingratæ premeretur caseus urbi. Id. Or which have more dactyles than spondees; as, Tityre, tu patulæ recubans sub tegmine fagi. Virg. It is esteemed a great beauty in a hexameter verse, when, by the use of dactyles and spondees, the sound is adapted to the sense; as, Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum. Virg. Illi inter sese magnâ vi brachia tollunt. Id. Monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademptum. Id. But what deserves particular attention, in scanning hexameter verse, is the CÆSURA. Casura is when, after a foot is completed, there remains a syllable at the end of a word to begin a new foot; as, At rẽ-gină gră-vī jām-dudum, &c. The casura is variously named, according to the different parts of the hexameter verse in which it is found. When it comes after the first foot, or falls on the third half-foot, it is called by a Greek name, Triemiměris: when on the fifth half-foot, or the syllable after the second foot, it is called Penthemimeris: when it happens on the first syllable of the fourth foot, or the seventh half-foot, it is called Hephthemiměris: and when on the ninth half-foot, or the first syllable of the fifth foot, it is called Enneëmimĕris. All these different species of the casura sometimes occur in the same verse; as, Illě lǎ-tūs nĭvě-ūm mōl-lī fül-tūs hỹă-cīnthō. Virg. But the most common and beautiful casura is the penthemim; on which some lay a particular accent or stress of the voice, in reading a hexameter verse thus composed; whence they call it the casural pause; as, Tityre, dum rede-O, brevis est via, pasce capellas. Virg. When the casura falls on a syllable naturally short, it renders it long; as, the last syllable of fultus in the foregoing example. The chief melody of a hexameter verse in a great measure depends on the proper disposition of the casura. Without this, a line consisting of the number of feet requisite will be little else than mere prose; as, Romæ mænĭă terruit împigĕr Hannibal armis. Ennius. The ancient Romans, in pronouncing verse, paid a particular attention to its melody. They observed not only the quantity and accent of the several syllables, but also the different stops and pauses which the particular turn of the verse required. In modern times we do not fully perceive the melody of Latin verse, because we have now lost the just pronunciation of that language, the people of every country pronounc ing it in a manner similar to their own." In reading Latin verse, therefore, we are directed by the same rules which take place with respect to English verse, as has been before observed. The tone of the voice ought to be chiefly regulated by the sense. All the words should be pronounced fully; and the cadence of the verse ought only to be observed, so far as it corresponds with the natural expression of the words. At the end of each line there should be no fall of the voice, unless the sense requires it; but a small pause, half of that which we usually make at a comma. 2. PENTAMETER. The Pentameter verse consists of five feet. Of these the two first are either dactyles or spondees; the third, always a spondee; and the fourth and fifth, an anapæstus; as, Nātū- | ræ sèqui- | tūr sẽ- | mină quis- | què sŭæ. Propert. But this verse is more properly divided into two hemisticks or halves; the former of which consists of two feet, either dactyles or spondees, and a cæsūra; the latter, always of two dactyles and another cæsūra; thus, Nātū- ræ sequi- | tūr | sẽmină | quisquè sŭ- | æ. The Pentameter usually ends with a dissyllable, but some times also with a polysyllable. 3. ASCLEPIADEAN. The Asclepiade an verse consists of four feet; namely, a spondee, twice a choriambus, and a pyrrhichius; as, Mæcēnās ǎtǎvis | ēdĭtě rē- | gībŭs. Hor. Od. 1, 1, 1. But this verse may be more properly measured thus: In the first place, a spondee; in the second, a dactyle; then a cæsura; and after that two dactyles; thus, Mæce- nás ǎtǎ- [ vis | ēdĭtě | rēgibus. 4. GLYCONIAN. The Glyconian verse has three feet, a spondee, a choriambus, and a pyrrhichius; as, Navis quæ tibi cre- | ditům. Hor. Od. 1, 3, 5. Or it may be divided into a spondee and two dactyles; thus, Navis quæ tibi | crēdĭtům. 5. SAPPHIC AND ADONIAN. The Sapphic verse has five feet, viz. a trochee, a spondee, a dactyle, and two trochees; thus, Integer vitæ, scèlè- | risquè | pûrŭs. Hor. Od. 1, 22, 1. An Adonian, or Adonic verse consists only of a dactyle and a spondee; as, Jupiter ürgēt. Hor. ibid. v. 20. 6. PHERECRATIAN. The Pherecratian verse consists of three feet, a spondee, a dactyle, and a spondee; thus, Nigris æquoră | vēntis. Hor. Od. 1, 5, 7. 7. PHALEUCIAN. The Phaleucian verse consists of five feet, namely, a spondee, a dactyle, and three trochees; as, Summum | nēc mětů- | ās dĩ- | ēm, něc | ōptěs. Martial. 10, 47. f. 8. THE GREATER ALCAIC. The greater Alcaic, called likewise Dactylic, consists of four feet, a spondee or iambus, iambus and cæsura, then two dactyles; as, Virtus repul- | sæ nesciă sōrdĭdæ Inta- | minā- tis | fulget ho- | nõrībŭs. Hor. Od. 3, 2, 17. 9. ARCHILOCHIAN. The Archilochian Iambic verse consists of four feet. In the first and third place, it has either a spondee or an iambus; in the second and fourth, always an iambus; and in the end, a cæsūra; as, Nēc su- | mĭt, aut | pōnīt | sěcū- | rēs. Hor. ibid. 10. THE LESSER ALCAIC. The lesser Dactylic Alcaic consists of four feet, namely, two dactyles and two trochees; as, Arbitri- | ō popǎ- | lārĭs | aūræ. Ibid. Of the above kinds of verse, the first two take their names from the number of feet of which they consist. All the rest derive their names from those by whom they were either first invented, or frequently used. There are several other kinds of verse, which are named |