The family of Molyneux were also distinguished for learning. William was born in Dublin, in 1656. His father, "honest Sam Molyneux," was an able mathematician, and a delightful companion. William passed through his native University, which he afterwards represented in Parliament, and studied at the Middle Temple. He distinguished himself by various writings on philosophy, natural history, and astronomy, and founded the Philosophical Society of Dublin, the precursor of the Royal Irish Academy. He died in 1698.

In the refectory, too, many great alumni of the College are represented by their portraits. Henry Flood, the great Parliamentary rival of Grattan, born in 1732, was the son of the Chief Justice of the King's Bench. He entered Trinity College in his sixteenth year, and after three years went to Oxford, where he graduated with a high reputation. He represented Kilkenny in the Irish Parliament, where he took the highest place as a debater. It was said of him that "by his exertions, and repeated discussions of questions seldom approached before, he first taught Ireland that it had a Parliament." He died in 1791.

Lord Avonmore, too, is there, who, as the humble and poor scholar Barry Yelverton, worked his way, in the consciousness of his own strength, till he was called to the Bar in 1764, being then twenty-eight years old. He entered Parliament in 1774, and is said "in command of powerful nervous language to have been superior to all his rivals." In 1783 he was made Chief Baron of the Exchequer, and created a peer in 1800. Others there are of note here whom we cannot linger over.

Let us pass to the library, a fine building on the eastern side of the principal quadrangle, 270 feet long, with pavilions at each end. A piazza of granite divided longitudinally by a wall forms the basement, above which are two storeys pierced with twenty spacious windows at each side, and surmounted by a rich entablature crowned with a balustrade. The interior is a magnificent room 210 feet long, with galleries all round. It has a large and valuable collection of books, being entitled to a copy of every work published in the United Kingdom. It is rich also in rare manuscripts. In the eastern pavilion is the Fagal Library, belonging to the Pensionary of Holland, containing 8,000 volumes, and purchased by the College in 1802. A striking object in the centre of the square is the elegant bell-tower, erected at the expense of the late Lord Primate Beresford, at a cost of £12,000. In the park is the new and beautiful building designed by Sir Thomas Deane, containing lecture-rooms and museum.

One of the most important visitations ever held in the College was just before the breaking out of the Rebellion in 1798, for the purpose of investigating and punishing treasonable associations within the wails.

"On the day of the visitation," says an eye-witness, "we were all assembled in the hall. Lord Clare, as Vice-Chancellor of the University, sat as the acting visitor on an elevated platform at the upper end; then followed in order the Provost, senior fellows and junior fellows, and scholars as members of the Corporation; then the graduates, undergraduates, and students, and lastly the inferior officers and porters of the College. The great door was closed with a portentous sound, and shut in many an anxious heart. Those who have seen Lord Clare in his visitorial capacity will never forget him the hatchet sharpness of his countenance, the oblique glance of his eye, which seemed to read what was passing in the mind of him to whom it was directed. Silence was commanded, and the multitude

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THE STUDENTS OF TRINITY COLLEGE.

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was still." Lord Clare then addressed the assembly at considerable length, denouncing the disaffection that existed in the College, and declaring his determination to punish with severity the abettors of sedition and treason. The fellows were all examined on oath, and the answers of many of them were highly characteristic. Then followed the scholars and students, and amongst them was Moore, who was even then distinguished for his poetic talents. "The book was presented to him. He shook his head and declined to take it. It was thrust into his right hand. He hastily withdrew the hand and placed it behind his back. It was then presented to his left hand, which he also withdrew and held behind his back with his right. Still the persevering book was thrust upon him, and still he refused, bowing and retreating with his hands behind him till he was stopped by the wall." The visitation lasted three days, and resulted in the expulsion of nineteen persons, amongst whom was Robert Emmett.

The students of Trinity College had the privilege of attending the debates in the gallery of the House of Commons. Knocking at the wicket, the student held up his gown to the view of the porter who looked through a grating, and he was at once admitted. The College lads were not always well-conducted on these occasions, and did not abstain from expressing their feelings of approval or disapprobation of the speaker. When Grattan addressed the House on Lord Fitz-William's recall as Viceroy, which he deprecated in an impassioned and powerful speech, the enthusiasm of the gownsmen in the gallery broké out uncontrollably.

"We all rose," says one of them, "as one man, shouting and cheering with the boisterous tumult of a popular meeting." The Speaker ordered the gallery to be cleared, and they were "pushed out in a heap without the slightest ceremony, and were never again suffered to enter as privileged persons."

We reserve for another chapter our account of the two cathedrals which Dublin boasts, and the other public buildings not included here.

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SCARBOROUGH AND WHITBY.

Character of the Yorkshire Coast-The Brigantes-Kingdom of Deira-Gregory's Mission-Physical Features of the Country -Scarborough-The Castle-Its Foundation and History-Troubles at Scarborough-Its Fortunes under Elizabeth, and in the Civil Wars-"Siege Pieces"-Account of the Castle-Modern Scarborough-The Spa-"Matthew Bramble's' Visit-Fossils and Pebbles-Filey-The Brig-Whitby-The Abbey-Its History-Abbess Hilda-Fossils-An Eventful Boar-Hunt-Whitby Town-Geological Curiosities.

CRAB FISHERS.

HE Yorkshire coast from Flamborough Head to the north of Whitby affords the boldest and grandest scenery on the eastern shores of England; indeed, it is only here and there that it is surpassed on the western. It is the margin of an insulated upland region, which extends from the vale of the Humber to that of the Tees, and on the west is bounded by the broad vale of York, scooped out of soft red marl and sandstone. It is a rolling upland district-a region of downs or wolds in the south, of wild moorland in the north-which here and there rises considerably more than a thousand feet above the sea. Generally in all parts it is rather bleak and bare, yet is furrowed sometimes by deep rich valleys and winding glens, with craggy sides and wooded slopes, with streamlets leaping from rock to rock, or purling among the boulders. On the eastern margin the cliffs often descend sheer to the water for from one to two hundred feet; while here and there they recede inland, leaving a narrow strip of sand between their base and the sea. Bleak and bare, as we have said, it is a land which has a beauty and a history of its Once the hunting-ground of the hyænas, which have left their relics in the Kirkdale Cave, this upland district formed afterwards the headquarters of one of the two tribes who were collectively known to the Romans under the name of Brigantes, or Highlanders. Conquered more than a century later than the first invasion of Britain, this country, as is well known, was in the immediate vicinity of one of the more important centres of the Roman power, York being the chief city in the land, and the usual abode of the emperors on their visits to Britain. Accordingly, the relics of the invaders are found even on the moorland district, and the mines of Cleveland were worked for iron nearly eighteen centuries ago. When Rome relaxed its grasp upon Britain, this district, with the rest of Yorkshire, was occupied by the English, and became known as the Kingdom of Deira-the land of wild animals. It would be doubtless this upland part, with its lonely moorlands and secluded dales, which would best deserve the name. We must not forget that it was from some part of Yorkshire-though from what we do not know-that the golden-haired lads came whose beauty evoked from Gregory the exclamation-"Not Angles, but angels, were they only Christians." "From what province come they?" he further inquired. "Rightly are they so called," he responded, "saved thus

own.

THE YORKSHIRE SEABOARD.

from God's wrath" (de irâ Dei).

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How, as the result of this meeting, he endeavoured to leave Rome as a missionary for the conversion of England, and afterwards, though prevented from carrying out his intent at the time, sent Augustine as his representative, is well known, and concerns not Deira specially.

The physical features of this district, including of course its seaboard, which contrast so strongly with the flat plains of the vale of York, are due to its geological structure. The latter has been carved out of the soft sandy and marly strata, which occupy also a large part of our Midlands. The former, in the part of which we now speak, is a great group of hard sandstones, and impure limestones, interstratified with some thick beds of shale and clay. To

the presence of one of the last the vale of Pickering is due, which bounds the district with which we are specially concerned, and to the south of it we find the more undulating outline of the chalk downs, which run out to sea in the bold cliffs of Flamborough Head. This long line of white precipices, bounding the view to the south, is a familiar feature to all who have wandered along the cliff-side above the Scarborough Sands.

To the south of this town, at the well-known rocky promontory of Filey Brig, begins the northern and wilder division of the country. The rocks of this all belong to the great group of the Jurassic strata, which are perhaps more familiarly known as the Oolites and Lias. Thus the rocks forming the cliffs of Whitby are nearly of the same age as those of the scarp of the Cotswolds, which rise behind Cheltenham; and the materials of the Castle Hill at Scarborough were laid down beneath the sea during the same geological epoch as those in the vicinity of Oxford. From York to Scarborough, several places of interest are passed, at which the traveller, if time allow, will do well to linger.

An exquisite pointed arch, one of the few remaining fragments of Kirkham Priory Church, will summon him to explore the ruins of one of the great religious houses in Yorkshire, founded by the leader of the barons at the Battle of the Standard, on the spot where his only son was killed by a fall from his horse. Near at hand is Castle Howard, with its rich collection of art treasures; then comes Malton, a country town rather prettily situated, and formerly, if not still, a centre for the Society of Friends. It is indeed a very old-world place. British tumuli and forts show that its site was occupied before the Romans came. They threw up a castrum here to defend a junction of their roads, and several mediæval remains show that the town has always had a certain importance. Then we pass along the valley of the Derwent, between the chalky wolds and the Cleveland moors, and after traversing a hilly and rather uninteresting country arrive at Scarborough.

It would not be easy to find a finer situation than that of the "Queen of Northern Watering-places," as Scarborough is pleased to be called. A bold headland juts out to sea, from which the cliffs retire with receding sweep, leaving two crescents of glittering sand on either side between their feet and the sea. On this headland stands the ruined castle which once gave the name to the town-Scar-burgh. A little lower down is the old church, and huddling round and below it the more ancient part of the town-the modern town has spread itself to the south and to the north. The former is the original site of the visitors' quarter, and still remains the more fashionable region; while the settlement on the North Cliff is of comparatively recent date, and is preferred by those who seek quieter and less expensive lodgings.

The castle first demands our notice. Though battered by war and the elements, it is still a striking ruin. The precipitous headland rises some 300 feet above the sea, and is itself a natural fortress. Probably it was so occupied at a very early date, as it is exactly the situation for a British camp, but there is no trace or record of such having existed, nor do we know of a Roman settlement here. There was, however, a town on the hill before the Norman invasion, for it figures in the history of the descent of the Northmen under Harold Hardarda. They had landed in Cleveland and made their way to this spot, where they seem to have succeeded in occupying the present site of the castle. There they kindled a huge pile of wood, and "when the fire spread they took great forks and threw the brands on the town; and when one house took fire from another, they gave up all the town. The Northmen slew many people, and seized all that they found."*

The present castle was built in the reign of King Stephen by William le Gros, Earl of Albemarle and of Holderness. In those distracted times not a few of the English lords had authority little less than that of the king; and this was the case with the builder of Scarborough Castle, who is said to have been in this part of Yorkshire "in Stephen's days the more real king." To put an end to this state of anarchy by consolidating the royal power was the great end of his indomitable successor, Henry II., who compelled many of his barons to yield up the castles which had enabled them to defy his authority; and among the number the earl was obliged, though " with much searching of heart and choler," to resign "famosum illud et nobile castrum quod dicitur Scartheburch." The king restored

Quoted in Murray's excellent "Handbook for Travellers in Yorkshire," to which we are much indebted.