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barricade,' 'bravado,' 'caiman,' 'cambist,' 'carbonado,' ' cargo,'' cigar,' 'creole,' 'desperado,' 'don,' 'duenna,'' embargo,' 'flotilla,'' gala,'' grandee,' 'grenade,' 'jennet,' 'junto,' 'mosquito,' 'mulatto,' ' negro,' 'olio,'' ombre,' palaver,'' parroquet,' platina,'' poncho,'' punctilio' (for a long time spelt 'puntillo' in English books), 'savannah,' 'sherry,' 'strappado,' tornado,' vanilla,' 'verandah.' 'Buffalo' also is Spanish, buff' or 'buffle' being the proper English word; caprice' too we probably obtained rather from Spain than Italy, as we find it written capricho' by those who used it first. Other Spanish words, once familiar enough, are now extinct. Privado,' signifying a prince's favorite, which for a long time kept its place in English (it is no uncommon word in Jeremy Taylor and Fuller), has quite disappeared; so has 'quirpo,' the name given to a jacket fitting close to the body (cuerpo'); and 'matachin,' the title of a sword-dance, and 'quellio' ('cuello'), a ruff or neckcollar; these are all frequent in our early dramatists. 'Mandarin' is our only Portuguese word I can call to mind. A good many of our sea-terms are Dutch, as 'sloop,' 'schooner,' 'yacht,' 'boom,'' skipper,' 'tafferel,' to smuggle;' 'to wear,' in the sense of veer, as when we say 'to wear a ship;' 'skates.' Celtic things are for the most part designated among us by Celtic words, such as 'bard,'' kilt,' 'clan,' 'pibroch,' 'plaid,'' reel.' Nor only such as these, which are all of them comparatively of modern introduction, but a considerable number-how large a number is yet a very unsettled question-of words which at a much earlier date found admission into our tongue, are derived from this quarter.

ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH.

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Now, of course, I have no right to presume that any among us are equipped with that knowledge of other tongues which shall enable us to detect of ourselves and at once the nationality of all or most of the words which we may meet- some of them greatly disguised, and having undergone manifold transformations in the process of their adoption among us; but only that we have such helps at command in the shape of dictionaries and the like, and so much diligence in their use, as will enable us to discover the quarter from which the words we may encounter have reached us; and I will confidently say that few studies of the kind will be more fruitful, will suggest more various matter of reflection, will more lead you into the secrets of the English tongue, than an analysis of a certain number of passages drawn from different authors, such as I have just now proposed. For this analysis you will take some passage of English verse or prose-say the first ten lines of Paradise Lostor the Lord's Prayer-or the twenty-third Psalm; you will distribute the whole body of words contained in that passage, of course not omitting the smallest, according to their nationalities-writing, it may be, A over every Anglo-Saxon word, L over every Latin, and so on with the others, if any other should occur in the portion which you have submitted to this examination. When this is done, you will count up the number of those which each language contributes ; again, you will note the character of the words derived from each quarter.

Yet here, before I pass further, I would observe in respect of those which come from the Latin, that it will be desirable further to mark whether they are

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directly from it, and such might be marked L', or only mediately from it; and to us directly from the French, which would be L2, or L at second handour English word being only in the second generation descended from the Latin-not the child, but the child's child. There is a rule that holds pretty constantly good, by which you may generally determine this point. It is this--that if a word be directly from the Latin, it will not have undergone any alteration or modification in its form and shape, save only as respects the termination: innocentia' will have become 'innocency,' 'natio' will have become 'nation,' firmamentum' firmament,' but nothing more. On the other hand, if it comes through the French, it will generally be considerably altered in its passage. It will have undergone a process of lubrication; its sharply-defined Latin outline will in good part have departed from it; thus 'crown' is from 'corona,' but through couronne,' and itself a dyssyllable, 'coroune,' in our earlier English; treasure' is from thesaurus,' but through' trésor;' emperor' is the Latin 'imperator,' but it was first 'empereur.' It will not at all uncommonly happen that the substantive has passed to us through this process, having come through the intervention of the French; while we have only felt at a later period our want of the adjective also, which we have proceeded to borrow direct from the Latin. Thus, 'people' is indeed 'populus,' but it was' peuple' first, while popular' is a direct transfer of a Latin vocable into our English glossary. So too enemy' is inimicus,' but it was first softened in the French, and had its Latin physiognomy to a great degree obliterated, while 'inimical' is Latin throughout;

DOUBLE ADOPTIONS.

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'parish' is 'paroisse,' but 'parochial' is 'parochialis.'

Sometimes you will find in English what I may call a double adoption of a Latin word; I mean that we have many Latin words which now make part of our vocabulary in two shapes, in both these forms ('doppelgängers' the Germans would call them), directly from the Latin, and mediately through the French. In these cases it will be particularly noticeable how that which has come through the French has been shaped and moulded, generally cut short, often cut a syllable or two shorter (for the French devours letters and syllables) than the Latin. I will mention a few examples: secure' and 'sure,' both from the Latin 'securus,' but one directly, the other through the French; fidelity' and 'fealty,' both from the Latin 'fidelitas,' but one directly, the other at second-hand; species' and 'spice,' both from the Latin 'species,' spices being properly only kinds of aromatic drugs; 'blaspheme' and 'blame,' both from blasphemare,' but 'blame' immediately from 'blâmer;' add to these granary' and 'garner;' tradition' and 'treason;" regality' and 'royalty;' 'hospital' and 'hotel;'' digiť and'doit;' 'pagan' and ' paynim;' captive' and 'caitiff;''persecute' and 'pursue;' superficies' and 'surface;'faction' and 'fashion;' 'particle' and ' parcel ;' 'redemption' and 'ransom;' 'probe' and 'prove;' 'abbreviate' and' abridge;' ' dormitory' and 'dortoir' or dorter' (this last now obsolete, but common enough in Jeremy Taylor); 'radius' and 'ray ;' 'potion' and

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* This particular instance of double adoption, or dimorphism, as Latham calls it, recurs in Italian, 'bestemmiare' and 'biasimare;' and in Spanish, 'blasfemar' and 'lastimar.'

'poison;' 'ration' and 'reason;''oration' and 'orison.' I have, in the instancing of these, named always the Latin form before the French; but the reverse is in almost every case the order in which the words were adopted by us: we had pursue' before 'persecute,'' spice' before 'species,' 'royalty' before 'regality,' and so for the most part with the others.†

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The explanation of this greater change which the earlier form of the word has undergone, is not far to seek. Words which have been introduced into a language at an early period, when as yet writing is rare, and books are few or none-when therefore orthography is unfixed, or, being purely phonetic, can not properly be said to exist at all-such words for a long while live orally on the lips of men, before they are set down in writing; and out of this fact it is that we shall for the most part find them reshaped and remoulded by the people who have adopted them, entirely assimilated to their language in form and ter

* Somewhat different from this, yet itself also curious, is the passing of an Anglo-Saxon word in two different forms into English, and continuing in both; thus, 'desk' and 'dish,' both the Anglo-Saxon 'disc,' the German 'tisch;' 'beech' and 'book,' both the Anglo-Saxon 'boc,' our first books being beechen tablets (see Grimm, Wörterbuch, 8. vv. 'Buch,' 'Buche'); 'girdle' and 'kirtle,' both of them corresponding to the German 'gürtel;' already in Anglo-Saxon a double spelling, 'gyrdel,' 'cyrtel,' had prepared for the double words; so too 'haunch' and 'hinge;' 'lady' and 'lofty;' 'deal' and 'dole;' 'weald' and 'wood;' 'shirt' and 'skirt;' 'black' and 'bleak;' 'pond' and 'pound.' It may be a question whether wayward' and 'awkward' would not have a right to be mentioned as examples of this.

† We have in the same way double adoptions from the Greek: one direct, at least as regards the forms; one modified by its passage through some other language; thus, 'adamant' and 'diamond;' 'monastery' and 'minster;' 'scandal' and 'slander;' 'theriac' and 'treacle;' 'asphodel' and 'daffodil;' 'presbyter' and 'priest.'