The influence of climate on the character and habits of man has, naturally, attracted the attention of various modern philosophers and travelJers. Humboldt observes, in his Researches, 'Although the manners of a people, the display of their intellectual faculties, the peculiar character stamped on their works, depend upon a great number of causes which are not merely local; it is nevertheless true, that the climate, the nature of the soil, the physiognomy of the plants, the view of beautiful or savage nature, have great influence on the progress of the arts, and on the style which distinguishes their productions. This influence becomes the more perceptible, the farther man is removed from civilisation. What a contrast between the architecture of a tribe that has dwelt in vast and gloomy caverns, and that of the hordes whose bold monuments recal, in the shafts of their columns, the towering trunks of the palm-trees of the desert! An accurate knowledge of the arts can be acquired only from studying the nature of the site where they arose. The only American tribes among whom we find remarkable monuments, are the inhabitants of the mountains. Isolated in the regions of the clouds, on the most elevated plains on the globe, surrounded by volcanoes, the craters of which are encircled by eternal snows, they appear to have admired, in the solitude of their deserts, those objects only which strike the imagination by the greatness of their masses; and their productions bear the stamp of the savage nature of the Cordilleras.

'What a striking spectacle does human genius

present, when we survey the immense disparity that separates the tombs of Tinian and the statues of Easter Island, from the monument of the Mexican temple at Mitla; and compare the shapeless idols of this temple with the masterpieces of the chisel of Praxitelles and Lysippus ! But we shall cease to wonder at the rude style, or incorrect expression, of the monuments of the American nations, when we reflect, that, cut off from the rest of mankind, wanderers in a country where man must have long struggled against nature in her most savage and disordered aspect, these tribes, with no resources but in their own energy, could only emerge with tardy progress from their native barbarism.'

A recent contributor to the Classical Journal has, in his essay on the Causes of the diversity in Human Character, investigated the influence of climate on our species with considerable research and ingenuity. Extreme heat clearly darkens the skin, swells the flesh, and produces that general chubbiness of appearance which is so remarkable in the torrid zone. The intermediate degrees of temperature produce proportional effects; and persons born in temperate climates become gradually assimilated to the characters of the warmer ones in case of their migration thither. The original Portuguese and French settlers on the coast of Africa would scarcely recognise the kindred of their descendants, who, retaining a smattering of their original language, are closely assimilated to the native tribes, both in their complexion and in the woolly hair that covers their heads.

'One of the most striking illustrations of the

assimilating powers of climate,' says the writer just alluded to, 'is afforded in the case of the Jews. This tribe is scattered over the whole face of the earth, and, though naturalised in every soil, it is still preserved distinct from the rest of mankind. The Jews, on account of the prejudices of religion, and other causes, never intermarry with any but their own sect. If, therefore, they are assimilated to the people among whom they reside, this cannot be ascribed to a mixture of races. Yet it is found that the English Jew is white, the Portuguese brown, the American olive, and the Egyptian swarthy; so that there are, in fact, as many different species of Jews, as there are countries in which they reside, a diversity which can scarcely be accounted for from any other cause than the influence of climate. And climate,' as this writer further observes, 'has a direct influence in regulating the strength, or weakness of the human constitution; in consequence of which it materially affects the character. The inhabitants of a hot climate are never so robust as those of a more temperate region; extreme heat relaxes the muscular fibre, deranges the natural secretions, and enervates the whole corporeal system. This imbecility of body necessarily has a great effect on the mind; and among such people we have reason to expect timidity and cowardice rather than valor and a capacity to endure hardship. In a climate where moderate cold occasionally prevails, the animal fibre is braced, and all the bodily functions are allowed free play. Here, therefore, we have reason to expect a strong and hardy race, equally qualified to endure the fatigues of the field, and to brave the dangers of war.' In confirmation of this reasoning he cites the imbecile character of the Chinese, the Persians, and the Hindoos, for successive ages.

With indolence we also find the love of luxury and effeminate pleasures prevail in warm climates: together with a remarkable degradation of the female sex. Hence polygamy destroys domestic rule and domestic happiness: woman is the slave altogether of the sexual desires of the master-sex. She is jealously secluded for the sake of her transient charms; and the object of warm passion, at the best, rather than of generous and tender friendship or esteem. Some writers have, indeed, contended, that these climates are favorable to the early stages of science and the arts; and remind us that the fertile plains of the south of Asia, are universally respected as the cradle of arts, and of genius.' Soon, however, have they migrated from these regions. There has been a continual progress northward from happier climes to those less favored by nature,' observe the same parties; and we conclude, with the writer in the Classical Journal before adverted to, that it is in the temperate regions of the earth therefore, that we are to look for an advanced state of the arts, and there that we are to expect examples of heroic valor, transcendant genius, incorruptible patriotism, and unshaken virtue. And it will not be denied, that historical evidence affords the most direct confirmation of the truth of this doctrine.

CLIMAX, n. s. Gr. κλμaž. Gradation; ascent; a figure in rhetoric, by which the sentence

Into the window climbs, or o'er the tiles,
So clomb the first grand thief into God's fold.
Milton.

Thou sun! of this great world both eye and soul,
Acknowledge Him thy greater; sound his praise
In thy eternal course, both when thou climb'st,
And when high noon has gained, and when thou fallest.
Id. Paradise Lost.

Here unto Latmos top I climb,

How far below thine orb sublime. Marvell. Here I survey the purple vintage grow, Climb round the poles and rise in graceful row.

Id.

Ah? who can tell how hard it is to climb The steep where Fame's proud temple shines afar, Ah! who can tell how many a soul sublime Has felt the influence of malignant star, And waged with Fortune an eternal war. What is the end of fame? "Tis but to fill A certain portion of uncertain paper; Some liken it to climbing up a hill, Whose summit, like all hills, is lost in vapour. Byron. CLIMBER, a plant that creeps upon other supports; the name of a particular herb. [vy, briony, honey-suckles, and other climbers, must be dug up.

Mortimer.

In happier climes and on a safer shore. Addison. Health to vigorous bodies, or fruitful seasons in temperate climes, are common and familiar blessings. Atterbury. Heart on her lips, and soul within her eyes, Soft as her clime and sunny as her skies. Byron. CLINCH, v. a. & n. s. Sax. clyniga, to CLINCHER, n. s. S knock. To hold in the hand with the fingers bent over it; to bend the point of a nail in the other side, to confirm ; to fix, as to clinch an argument, to contract or double the fingers. That part of a cable which is fastened to the ring of the anchor. A cramp; a holdfast; a piece of iron bent down to fasten planks.

Such as they are I hope they will prove, without a clinch, luciferous; searching after the nature of light. Boyle.

Pure clinches the suburbian muse affords,
And Panton waging harmless war with words.
Dryden.

Simois rolls the bodies and the shields Of heroes, whose dismembered hands yet bear That dart aloft, and clinch the pointed spear. Id. Here one poor word a hundred clinches make.

Pope. The wimbles for the work Calypso found; With those he pierced 'em, and with clinchers bound. Id.

Their tallest trees are about seven feet high, the tops whereof I could but just reach with my fist clinched. Swift. CLINCH, a navigable river of the United States, in the Tennassee government; which rises in the Cumberland mountains, Virginia, and running south-west, crosses the divisional line; thence meandering south-west by west for about 200 miles, unites with the Tennassee, fifteen miles below the Holstein.

CLINCHING, in sea language, a kind of slight caulking used at sea, in anticipation of foul weather, about the posts: it consists in driving a little oakum into their seams, to prevent the water coming in at them.

CLING, v. n.Į Dan. klynger.

To hang

CLINGY, adj. upon by twining round; to S stick to; to hold fast upon. To adhere, as followers or friends. To dry up; to consume; to waste; to pine away, Leclungen tɲeop, a withered tree.

The broil long doubtful stood;
As two spent swimmers that do cling together,
And choak their art.

Shakspeare.

Id. Macbeth.

If thou speakest false, Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive, fill famine cling thee. Most popular consul he is grown, methinks: How the rout cling to him! Ben Jonson's Cataline. The fontanel in his neck was descried by the clinging of his hair to the plaster. Wiseman's Surgery.

When they united and together clung, When undistinguished in one heap they hung.

Blackmore.

That they may the closer cling, Take your blue ribbon for a string. Swift. CLINICAL, adj. Į Gr. Arvw, to lie down. CLINICK. Those that keep their beds; those that are sick, past hopes of recovery. A clinical lecture is a discourse upon a disease, made by the bed of the patient. A clinical convert, one that is converted on his death-bed. This word occurs often in the works of Taylor. CLINK, v. a., v. n. & n. s. perhaps softened from clank, or corrupted from click. To strike small, sharp, interrupted, noise. so as to make a small sharp noise; to uttera cessive noise; a knocking. It seems in SpenA sharp, sucknocker of a door.

ser to have some unusual sense.

I believe the

Prior.

Underneath the umbrella's oily shed, Safe through the wet on clinking pattens tread. Gay's Trivia. CLINOMETER, an instrument for measuring the dip of mineral strata. It was originally invented by R. Griffith, Esq. professor of Geology to the Dublin Society, and subsequently modified by Mr. Jardine and lord Webb Seymour.

CLÎNOPODIUM, field-basil, a genus of the gymnospermia order, didynamia class of plants; natural order forty-first, asperifoliæ. The involucrum consists of many small bristles under the virticillus or whirl of flowers: CAL. two lipped: coR. upper lip, flat and inversely heart-shaped. There are three species, herbaceous plants, growing from one to two feet high. They are remarkable only for their strong odor, being somewhat between marjorum and basil.

CLI'NQUANT, adj. Fr. Dressed in cmbroidery, in spangles, false glitter, tinsel finery. To-day the French

All clinquant, all in gold, like heathen gods,
Shone down the English.
Shakspeare.

CLINTON (Sir Henry), an eminent English general, and knight of the bath, was the grandson of Francis earl of Lincoln. He became a captain of the guards in 1758, and in July 1766 we find him a lieutenant-general in America. He took an active part during the unfortunate war with that country; but some misunderstanding having taken place betwixt Sir Henry and Lord Cornwallis, the general, after his return to England, published a narrative of his conduct, which was replied to by his lordship, and vindicated by the general. In 1784 he published a farther defence of his conduct; and in 1795 he was appointed governor of Gibraltar, but died soon after.

CLINTON, a county of New York, in the north-east corner, bounded on the east by lake Champlain, on the north by Canada, on the west by Harkemer, and on the south by Washington. It is divided into five townships; viz. Platts

burg, the capital, Crown-point, Williamborough, Peru, and Champlain. Its form is a parallelo gram. It is ninety-six miles long from north to south, and thirty-seven broad from east to west. In 1799 Essex county was erected from the southern part of Clinton county; and, in 1808, Franklin county from the western part. Clinton county is now bounded, north by Canada, east by lake Champlain, or the state of Vermont, south by Essex county, west by Franklin county. Its greatest length north and south is forty miles and a half; greatest width thirty-one miles; and the area is about 1064 square miles, including the waters of the lake, or 680,000 acres.

CLINTON, a large and populous township of New York, in Duchess county. According to the census of 1810, the inhabitants amounted to 5949, of whom 437 were senatorial electors. CLIO, from λos, glory, in pagan mythology, the first of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over history. She is represented as crowned with laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and in the other a book. She sometimes holds a plectrum or quill with a lute. Her name implies honor and reputation, and it was her office faithfully to record the actions of brave and illustrious heroes. CLIO, in zoology, a genus of insects belonging to the order of vermes mollusca. The body is oblong and fitted for swimming; and it has two membranaceous wings placed opposite to each other; tentacles three and two in the mouth. The species are six, principally distinguished by the shape of their vagina, and all natives of the

ocean.

CLIP, v. a. & n. Ang. Sax. clyppan; Scot. CLIPPER, n. s. clip. Thus derived, it sigCLIPPING, n. s. nifies to embrace, to confine, to fold in the arms. But there is a very different meaning ascribed to it when it is traced to the Goth, klippa, and Sax. clepan then it signifies to cut, shear, divide.

A merry child he wos, so God me save! -Wel coud he leten blod, and clippe and shave. Chaucer. Canterbury Tales. He kisseth hire, and clippeth hire full oft. Id. Your sheers come too late to clip the birds' wings, that already is flown away. Sidney

He that before shunned her, to shnn such harms, Now runs and takes her in his clipping arms.

Id.

Shakspeare.

O nation that thou couldst remove

That Neptune's arms, who clippeth thee about.

It is no English treason to cut
French crowns, and to-morrow the king
Himself will be a clipper,

All my reports go with the modest truth;
Nor more, nor clipt, but so.

Id.

Id.

Id

But love had clipped his wings and cut him short, Confined within the purlieus of his court.

Dryden's Fables. This design of new coinage, is just of the nature of dipping Locke. We should then have as much feeling upon the chipping off a hair, as the cutting off a nerve.

Bentley's Sermons

He spent every day ten hours dosing, clipping pa. pers, or darning his stockings. Swift.

By this lock, this sacred lock, I swear,
Which never more shall join its parted hair,
Clipped from the lovely head where late it grew
Pope.

But in man's dwellings he became a thing,
Restless and worn, and stern and wearisome,
Drooped as a wild-born falcon with clipped wing
To whom the boundless air alone were home
Byron.
CLIPEUS, in natural history, a name given
to the flat depressed centroniæ, from their re-
sembling a shield.

CLISSA, a fort of Dalmatia, seated on a craggy mountain, near which there is a narrow valley, between two steep rocks, through which the road lies from Turkey to Dalmatia. It is six miles north of Spalatia. Long. 17° 31′ E., lat. 44° 10′ N.

CLISTHENES, a celebrated Athenian magistrate, the author of the mode of bauishing ambitious citizens by Ostracism.

CLITHEROE, a borough in Lancashire, at the foot of Pendil hill, thirty miles north of Manchester, 217 N. N. W. of London. It has an ancient castle built by the Laceys, now in ruins. Clitheroe is a borough by prescription, and sends two members to parliament, whose electors are the freeholders and lifeholders. It is governed by two bailiffs, who act together, and are the returning officers. Within these few years, several extensive manufactories of cotton have been established here, which, together with lime-burning, form the chief trade of the

town.

CLITORIA, in botany, a genus of the decandria order, and diadelphia class of plants; natural order 320, papilionacea. The COR. Supine, or reversed with the vexillium or flag petal very large, patent, and almost covering the ale or wing-petals. There are six species, all herbaceous perennials, or annuals, of the kidney-bean kind, growing naturally in both the Indies. The stalk is climbing, slender, and of the height of a man. The leaves are winged, placed alternately, and consist of two, three, or five pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one. The flowers, which are elegant, stand singly, each on its proper foot-stalk. They are very large, and generally of a deep blue, but sometimes of a white color. From the fruit of this plant is distilled an eyewater. The beans reduced to powder, and taken in broth, to the quantity of two drachms, prove a gentle purge; and Grimmius remarks, in his Labor Ceyl. that the powder of the dried beans, mixed with the milk of the cocoa nut, or with broth, and administered in quantity from one to three drachms, not only mitigates colic pains, but is very useful, and much used in Ceylon, in all disorders of the stomach and bowels. These plants are propagated by seeds; and in this country, must be kept continually in a stove.

CLITORIS, in anatomy, is a part of the external pudenda, situated at the angle which the nymphæ form with each other. Like the penis it has an erection It is of different sizes in different women; out in general it is small,

and covered with the labia. The preternaturally enlarged clitoris is supposed to constitute an hermaphrodite. When too large, it may be so extirpated as to remove the unnecessary part; but this requires much care, to prevent subecting the patient to an involuntary discharge of arine. See ANATOMY.

CLITUMNO, a river of Italy, which passes by Spoletto, and joins the Topino, between Spoletto and Perugia.

CLITUMNUS, in ancient geography, a river of Umbria, on this side the Apennine. According to Pliny, it was a fountain consisting of several veins, situated between Hispellum and Spoletium; which soon after swelled into a large and navigable river, running from east to west into the Tinia, and both together into the Tiber. Virgil says, it was famous for its milkwhite flocks and herds.

CLITUS, in ancient history, the foster brother and intimate friend of Alexander the great. At the passage of the Granicus, Alexander was attacked by Rhesaces and Spithridates, two Persian officers of distinction; his helmet was cut through by the battle axe of the latter, and the next stroke would, inevitably, have killed him, had not Clitus, at that instant, rushed to his assistance, and thrust Spithridates through the body with his spear. But Clitus being, some time after, at a feast where some verses in ridicule of the Macedonian officers were introduced by Alexander, angrily expressed his resentment. Being warmed with drinking, he violently retorted on Alexander, and so provoked him that he left the room for his sword. On this the friends of Clitus forced him away, but he soon returned, repeating some insolent verses from Euripides: on which Alexander snatched a spear from one of his guards and ran him through the body. His death however so afflicted Alexander that he attempted his own life, and for some time shut himself up, and would see no one. See ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

CLIVE (Robert), lord Clive, son of Richard Clive esq. of Styche, in Salop, was born in 1725. Towards the close of the war in 1741, he was sent as a writer in the East India service to Madras; but, being fonder of the camp than the counting-house, he soon exchanged his clerk's place for a pair of colors. He first distinguished himself at the siege of Pondicherry in 1748; and acted under major Laurence at the taking of Devi Cotta, at Tanjore, who spoke of his military talents so highly, that he was made commissarygeneral. When he came over to England in 1753, he was presented, by the court of directors, with a rich sword set with diamonds, as an acknowedgment of his services, at the siege and in the taking of Arcot. Captain Clive returned to India in 1755, as governor of fort St. David, with the rank of lieutenant colonel; when, in conjunction with admiral Watson, he subdued the pirate Angria, and became master of Geria, his capital, with all his accumulated treasure. Surajah Dowla's perfidy soon produced fresh hostilities, which ended in his ruin; he being totally defeated by colonel Clive at Plassey. The conqueror next day entered Muxadabad in triumph; and placed Jassier Ally Cawn, one of the principal generals, on the throne; the depo

sed soubah being soon after taken, was put to death by Jaffier's son. Mr. Clive was now honored, by the Mogul, with the dignity of an Omrah of the empire; and was rewarded by the new soubah with a jaghire, or grant of lands, producing £27,000 a year. In 1760 he returned to England, where he received the unanimous thanks of the Company, was elected M.P. for Shrewsbury, and raised to an Irish peerage by the title of lord Clive, baron of Plassey. In 1764 fresh and serious disturbances occurring in various parts of Bengal, lord Clive was again appointed to that presidency, and advanced to the rank of majorgeneral in the army. When he arrived in India he exceeded the inost sanguine expectation, by restoring tranquillity to the province without striking a blow. He returned home in 1767; and in 1769 was made knight of the bath; but in 1773 a motion was made in the house of commons that in the acquisition of his wealth, lord Clive had abused the powers with which he was entrusted.' He defended himself with great ability; enumerating his services for his country, and quoting various letters from the directors of the East India Company, containing the fullest and most ample commendation and approbation of all his proceedings, as well as the congratulation of the direction, in a full court, on his last return home. He was honorably acquitted; the house resolving that lord Clive had rendered great and meritorious services to his country.' Lord Clive was, however, a striking instance of the inefficacy of external honors, and of great wealth, to confer happiness. After his return to England, though in possession of a splendid fortune, and of many advantages, he often discovered great uneasiness of mind and could not endure to be alone. His friends represented this as the result of a depression of spirits occasioned by a nervous fever; but it was attributed by others to causes of a different nature. At last on the 22d of November 1774, he put an end to his own life when not quite fifty years of age; and his remains were interred at Moreton-Say, the parish in which he was born. He left two sons and three daughters; his eldest son, Edward, succeeding him in his title and estate. Lord Clive is said to have given away a great deal of money in acts of benevolence; and he at one time made a present of £70,000 to the invalids in the East India Company's service. Lord Chatham called him a heaven-born general, who, without experience, surpassed all the officers of his time.

CLIVE (Catharine), a celebrated comic actress, the daughter of a Mr. Raftor, was born in the north of Ireland in 1711. She was married, when young, to Mr. Richard Clive, a barrister; but, a separation taking place, she adopted the comic line of a theatrical profession, and was ever sure to fascinate her audience. Her native wit and playful humor are exemplified by the following anecdote:-She performed at Drury-lane under the management of Garrick, and one night, while playing the lady in Lethe, Mrs. Clive, turning her head towards the stage-box, chanced to encounter the eye of Charles Townshend. That celebrated wit pointed instantly to an old belle on his left, a caricature of the ridiculous dame she was portraying. The actress paused for a moinent, and burst into laughter; until the