Fossil Plants and Spores: Modern Techniques

acid analysis applied approach block carbon cell cell walls cellulose acetate changes Chapter charcoal chemical climatic coal collection colour complete composition compression concentration contain cuticles dating depends deposits determined effect elements embedding environment et al example extraction field fossil plants fragments Geological grains growth identified important increase indicate interpretation isotope land leaf leaves light lignite limited material matter mean measured method microscope mineral mounted natural observed obtained occur organic orientation original oxidation palynomorphs patterns peel placed pollen possible preparation preserved problems range record reference reflected relative remains removed represent resin ring rock samples scale sediments showing slide soil species specimen spores stage standard stem stomatal structure studies surface taxa techniques temperature tissue treatment tree usually values vegetation wood