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worthy the name of an improvement, since its formation was certainly adapted to what the shape of the horse's foot naturally is, and ought to be, if the farriers would permit. See fig. 5. As the case was otherwise, however, in a great majority of instances, many who had sanguine expectations from the invention, were disappointed. Nevertheless this shoe has its advantages, which are set forth at large, by the author in a 4to. volume on the subject, to which we refer the reader.

Taplin recommends a form of a shoe, which differs little from that of Mr. St. Bel, except that it is broader in the rim, and concave where the other is convex on the side next the foot. See fig. 6. He advises that the shoe should be uniformly supported by the hoof only, entirely round the foot, and brought so regularly into contact, that it should not press more upon one part than another. It should also be formed with a concave inner surface to keep it perfectly clear of the sole, that the point of the picker may occasionally pass under the inner part of the web, to free it from every extraneous substance. The shoe should not be made too wide in the web, or too weighty in the metal; and the heel of the shoe should always rather exceed the termination of the hoof behind, and be formed something wider than the heel itself.'

Some modern authors, particularly Osmer, instead of attempting to improve the horse-shoe, propose to lay aside the use of it altogether, for which they are severely censured by Mr. Taplin. They seem,' says he, extravagantly fond of an idea, borrowed from antiquity, of the practicability of horses travelling the road, and doing their constant work, without any shoeing at all.' Osmer insists, that horses are adequate to their different services in a state of nature, without the officious obtrusions of art;' venturing to affirm that they will travel even upon the turnpike roads about London without injury to their feet.' As Mr. Taplin, however, observes, such an economical plan may be admirably calculated for the theoretical journey of some literary speculatist, but no such excursion can take place of any duration, without material injury to the hoof.'

Mr. Coleman, a late ingenious professor at the Veterinary College, has made a material improvement on the horse-shoe. In his lectures he observes that, for a good natural foot (see fig. 7), all that is required of a shoe is, to guard the crust by a small and narrow piece of iron, which should be attached principally towards the toe, and should not be extended so far back as the heel. The sole itself should not be covered by the shoe; for dirt and stones will get between, and will form a permanent and partial pressure on the sole, which will produce disease. According to the present mode of shoeing, those diseases which affect the horse's foot constantly take place on that portion of it which is covered by the extended breadth of the shoe, while the exposed parts remain uninjured. The reason is, that the covered parts, besides being exposed to permanent pressure from the cause already related, become tender by being covered. these parts, therefore, are exposed, they get har

If

dened and thick; and, if the horse happens to tread on a hard and rough body, the inconvenience is but momentary, and the pain will make him remove his foot, so as to prevent mischief.

Common shoeing is very liable to produce corns by the hoofs spreading out, and leaving the shoe in close contact with the sole, where it acts as a fixed point, and will not allow the elasticity of the insensible sole to act. The nails of the shoe should not be placed near the heels; for it disposes the heel to contract, especially when the bars are cut away. The narrow shoe has another advantage. The horse is less likely to slip than with the broad one, on any ground on which the foot makes an impression. But it would not perhaps be quite so proper for horses always treading on a pavement, such as the streets of London; nor for horses that are calculated for heavy draught, such as dray or cart horses, which require not only a stouter shoe, but also to be turned up behind, in order to resist the descent of heavy loads in passing down a hill, &c.

Fig. 8 represents Mr. Coleman's shoe, the principle of which rests not only on the advantages attending the exposure of the horny sole, but likewise on an objection to which all shoes are liable that require to be nailed all round, as in common instances. The nails at the quarters form so many fixed points, and prevent that expansion which is natural to the hoof in consequence of its growth; and the effect of this confinement is that of contracting the whole foot, and particularly the heel; to which many of the diseases of that part may be attributed. In Mr. Coleman's shoe this material objection seems to be removed; for it requires to be fixed to the wall of the foot only by a few nails at the toe, which leaves the growth of the quarters entirely to take their natural direction.

Almost every veterinary professor has his favorite shoe: one of the most ingenious of the present day is endeavouring to force on our notice, and introduce into our stables, the French method; which, with the exception of the mode of nailing on, White observes, is the very worst he ever saw. The French shoe, fig. 9 (a), has a wide web towards the toe; is concave above and convex below (b), on the ground surface, by which neither the toe nor heel touch the ground; but the horse stands pretty much in the same way as an unhappy cat, shod by unlucky boys with walnut shells.

The improved shoe for general use, fig. 10, which Mr. Loudon recommends, is rather wider than what is usually made. 'Its nail holes (a) extend no further towards the heels than is actually necessary for security; by which the expansion of these parts is encouraged, and contraction is avoided. To strengthen the attachment, and te make up for this liberty given to the heels, the nails shouldi be carried round the front of the shoe (c). The nail holes, on the under or ground surface of the shoe (a) are usually formed in a gutter, technically called the fullering; but in the case of heavy treading powerful horses, this gutter may be omitted; or, if adopted, the shoe in that part may be steeled. The web should be

quite even on the foot or hoof surface (b), and not only be rather wider, but it should also have rather more substance than is common: from half an inch to five eighths in thickness, according to circumstance, forms a fair proportion; when it is less it is apt, in wearing, to bend to pressure and force out the clinches."

The bar shoe, fig. 11, is a defence to thin weak feet, which Mr. L. regrets there should be so much prejudice against using. It removes a part of the pressure from the heels and quarters, which can ill bear it, to the frog which can well bear it: a well formed bar shoe should not have its barred part raised into an edge behind, but such part should be of one uniform thickness throughout the web of the bar, which, instead of being the narrowest, should be the widest part of the shoe. The thickness of the bar should be greater or less (a), so as to be adapted to take nly a moderate pressure from the frog. When the frog is altogether ulcerated away, by thrush, the bar may be altogether plain; but this form of shoe is still the best for these cases, as it prevents the tender surface from being wounded. In corns this shoe is invaluable, and may then be so made as to lie off the affected part, which is the great desideratum in corns.

The hunting shoe is a light horse-shoe, and it should be made to sit flat to the foot. "Hunting fore shoes,' says the above ingenious writer, 'should also be as short at the heels as is consistent with safety to the foot, to avoid the danger of being pulled off by the hinder shoes: nor should the web project at all. It is the custom to turn up the outer heel to prevent slipping; which is done sometimes to both fore and hind feet, and sometimes only to the latter. As this precaution can hardly be avoided in hilly slippery grounds, it should be rendered as little hurtful as possible by making the tread equal; for which purpose thicken the inner heel and turn up the outer. This is better than lowering the outer heel to receive the shoe, which still leaves both the tread and foot uneven. The racing shoe, er plate, is one made as light and slender as will bear the weight of the horse, and the operations of forging, grooving, and punching: to enable it to do which, it ought to be made of the very best Swedish iron. Three, or at most four nails, are sufficient on each side; and, to avoid the interfering of the hind with the fore feet, the heels of the fore shoes are made as short as they can safely be. As racers are shod in the stable, the owners should be doubly careful that the plate is an exact fit. Many pairs ought to be brought and tried before any are suffered to be put on, and which is more important than is at first considered.' Loudon's Agriculture, 8vo.

Grass shoes, or tips, are short pieces sometimes placed on the toe in horses turned to grass in summer; at which time it is necessary to guard the fore feet, which otherwise become broken away. They should be looked at occasionally, to see that they do not become indented into the soles of the feet.

When the roads are covered with ice it is necessary to have the heels of a horse's shoes turned up, and frequently sharpened, to prevent him from slipping and falling: but this cannot

be done without the frequent moving of the shoes, which breaks and destroys the crust of the hoof where the nails enter. To prevent this, it is recommended to those who are willing to be at the expense, to have steel points screwed into the heels or quarters of each shoe, which might be taken out and put in occasionally. To do this properly, Clark advises, first, to have the shoes fitted to the shape of the hoof; then to make a small round hole in the extremity of each heel, or in the quarters, about three-eighths of an inch in diameter, or more, in proportion to the breadth and size of the shoe; in each of these holes a screw is to be made; the steel points are likewise to have a screw on them, exactly fitted to that in the shoes. Care must be taken that the screw in the points is no longer, when they are screwed into the shoe, than the thickness of the latter. The steel points are to be made sharp; they may either be made square, triangular, or chisel-pointed, as may be most agreeable; the height of the point above the shoe should not exceed half an inch for a saddle horse; they may be made higher for a draught horse. The key or handle for screwing them in and out, occasionally, is represented in fig. 13, and is made of a sufficient size and strength; at the bottom of the handle a socket or cavity must be made, properly adapted to the shape of the steel point, and so deep as to receive the whole head of the point that is above the shoe.

To prevent the screw from breaking at the neck, it is necessary to make it of a gradual taper; the same is likewise to be observed of the female screw that receives it, that is, the hole must be wider on the upper part of the shoe than the under part; the sharp points may be tempered or hardened, in order to prevent them from growing too soon blunt; but where they become blunt they may be sharpened as at first. These points should be unscrewed when the horse is put into the stable, as the stones will do them more injury in a few minutes than a day's riding on ice. A draught horse should have one on the point of each shoe, as that gives him a firmer footing in drawing on ice; but for a saddle horse, when points are put there they are apt to make him trip and stumble.

When the shoes are provided with these points, a horse will travel on ice with the greatest security and steadiness, much more so than on causeway or turnpike roads, as the weight of the horse presses them into the ice at every step he takes.

Dr. Moore has suggested a frost clip, fig. 12, to be made distinct and moveable by means of a female screw b, worked into it, to which is fitted a knob or wedge c, and male screw d; a key, e, being used to fix and remove it.

FARRINGDON, a market town and parish of Berkshire, fourteen miles west from Abingdon, and sixty-eight W. N. W. from London. The town stands on the side of a hill, and has a very large and handsome church, the east end of which is of great antiquity: the windows are similar to those of the Temple in London; it contains several very handsome monuments, and on the south side is that of the founder. The

town is governed by a bailiff. The ruins of an ancient castle are still observable here; and here King John founded an abbey for Cistercian monks. The principal business of this town is in hogs and bacon, not less than 4000 hogs being slaughtered here in some years. Here is a good market on Tuesday.

FAR'ROW, n. s. & v. a. Sax. pænt (a small pig); Swed. farre. A litter of pigs: to bring forth pigs.

Pour in sow's blood that hath littered
Her nine farrow.
Shakspeare. Macbeth.
Sows ready to farrow this time of the year.

Tusser.

The swine, although multiparous, yet being bisulcous, and only cloven-hoofed, is farrowed with open eyes, as other bisulcous animals. Browne.

Even her, who did her numerous offspring boast, As fair and fruitful as the sow that carried The thirty pigs at one large litter farrowed. Dryden. FARS, a considerable province of Persia, is bounded on the north by Irak, on the east by Kerman and Lar, by Kuzistan on the west, and on the south by the Persian Gulf. The rivers by which it is watered are the Tabris, formed by the junction of two streams both rising in the mountains; but which becomes brackish on approaching within sixteen miles of the sea; and the Jerak, from which numerous artificial channels are made, after which it flows into the salt lake Bertegan, ten miles south-east of Schiras.

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Carew.

His son builds on, and never is content, Till the last farthing is in structure spent.

Dryden.

Prior.

Else all those things we toil so hard in,
Would not avail one single farthing.
The parish find, 'tis true; but our churchwardens

They are thy customers; I hardly ever sell them farthingsworth of any thing. Arbuthnot.

Fars is divided into the Germaseen and Schud, or the hot and cold climates, the latter comprehending the mountainous portion, which is covered with wood, and almost uninhabited. Those parts of the province to the east are well cultivated, and populous. Grain and the finest fruits are produced in abundance in the neigh- Feed on the silver, and give us the farthings. Gay. bourhood of the towns, and the sides and summits of the hills are covered with vineyards. The tobacco is considered the finest in the world. a In general the inhabitants are a civilised people. The principal towns are Schiras the capital, containing, perhaps, 40,000 inhabitants; Bushire, the chief port on the Persian gulf; Darabjerb, and Bebahan.. Within its confines are the ruins of the cities of Persepolis and Shapour. The former is about thirty miles from Schiras, on the road to Ispahan. This province participated deeply in the wars which seated the reigning family on the throne.

FARTHEL, or FARTHELLING, among seamen, was used for the same with what they commonly call furl, or furling, which is taking up the sails, and binding them close to the yards.

FARTHER, v. a. & adj.` Sax. Fone, forth, FARTHERANCE, n. s. further, furthest FAR THERMORE, adv. (See FURTHEST), are clearly the origin of these words, which should therefore be written further, furtherance, &c. We have, in fact, confounded in our language the degrees of far with those of forth, from the Saxon verb fore, to advance. To farther or further means to promote; facilitate: farther or further, as an adjective, more remote or advanced; longer fartherance or furtherance, encourage

You are not obliged to take money not of gold or silver; not the halfpence or farthings of England.

Swift.

A furthing is the least denomination or fraction of Cocker's Arithmetick. money used in England.

FARTHINGALE, n. s. Belg. verdegarde, fartegarde; Fr. vertugalle, vertugaden; Span. vertugado, the guard of virtue, say some of the dictionaries: but Mr. Thomson traces these words to the Gothic fara; Belg. vaaren; Sax. finan, and Teut. vert: vaaren, signifying to carry; to go with child; and the Teut. vert, the burden borne. A hoop of whalebone, originally used as a protection by women with child.

Tell me,

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FASCES, n. s. Lat. Rods anciently carried before the Roman consuls as a mark of their authority.

To kisse the precious case of his proude toe:
And for the lordly fasces borne of olde,
To see two quiet crossed keyes of golde;
Or Cybele's shrine, the famous Pantheon's frame
Turn'd to the honour of our Ladie's name.

Bp. Hall's Satires. The duke beheld, like Scipio, with disdain, That Carthage, which he ruined, rise once more; And shook aloft the fasces of the main,

To fright those slaves with what they felt before. Dryden. FASCES, in Roman antiquity, were axes tied up with rods. According to Florus, the fasces were introduced by Tarquin I., the fifth king of Rome; and were then the mark of the sovereign dignity. In after-times they were borne before the consuls, but by turns only, each his day; they had each of them twelve, borne by as many

lictors. These fasces consisted of branches of

elm; having in the middle a securis or axe, the head of which stood out beyond the rest. Publicola took the axe out of the fasces, as Plutarch says, to remove from the people all occasion of terror. After the consuls, the pretors assumed the fasces. In the government of the decemvirs, it was the practice at first for only one of them to have the fasces. Afterwards each of them had twelve, after the manner of the kings. When the magistrates, who by right had the axes carried before them, wished to show some deference to the people, or any person of singular merit, they either sent away the lictors, or commanded them, submittere fasces, to lower the fasces before them. Many instances of this occur in the Roman history.

FASCIA LATA, in anatomy, a thick strong tendon, sent off from the back, the glutæi, &c., to surround the muscles of the thigh. It is the thickest on the outside of the thigh and leg, and a little below the trochanter major, it is firmly fixed to the linea aspera; it is again fastened further down, to that part of the head of the tibia that is next the fibula, where it sends off the tendinous expansion along the outside of the leg. It serves to strengthen the action of the muscles, by keeping them firm in their proper places when in action.

FASCIATED, adj. Lat. fascia, a band FASCIA'TION, n.s. or fillet. Bound with fillets: bandage; the act or manner of binding

wounds.

Three especial sorts of fasciation, or rowling, have the worthies of our profession commended to posterity. Wiseman.

FASCINATE, v. a. FASCINATION, n. s.

The Turks hang old rags, or such like ugly things, upon their fairest horses, and other goodly creatures, to secure them against fascination. Waller.

I shall not discuss the possibility of fascinous diseases, farther than refer to experiment. Harvey. There is a certain bewitchery of fascination in words, which makes them operate with a force beyond what we can naturally give an account of.

South. Such a fascinating sin this is, as allows men no liberty of consideration. Decay of Piety. First her sweet voice in plaintive accents chains The Muse's ear with fascinating strains. Darwin. It was as if their little looks could poison Or fascinate whome'er they fixed their eyes on. Byron.

FASCINATION, from the Greek βασκαίνειν, to fascinate or bewitch, a sort of witchcraft supposed to operate either by the eye or the tongue. tion, one performed by looking, or the efficacy Ancient writers distinguish two sorts of fascinaof the eye. Such is that spoken of by Virgil in his third eclogue:

Nescio quis teneros oculus mihi fascinat agnos. The second by words: such is that mentioned in his seventh eclogue:

Aut si ultra placitum laudarit, baccare frontem Cingite, ne vati noceat mala lingua futuro. Horace touches on both kinds in his first book of epistles:

Non istic obliquo oculo mea commoda quisquam Limat, non odio obsculo, morsuque venenat. FASCINATION, in natural history, an extraordinary power said to be possessed by serpents, and more especially by the rattle snake, over animals and birds it destines for its prey. The evidences of the fact are numerous and well supported, but in accounting for the causes of it there is great difference of opinion; Kulser and some others, have endeavoured to say that the animals, &c., must have received some previous bite; La Cepede and others, again, think the rattle snake possessed of peculiar miasmata the odor of which may at pleasure stupify, and some have ascribed it entirely to its rattle; See COLUBER and SERPENT.

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the Fr. fasciner; Lat. fascino, à Gr. Baokawvw; FASCINOUS, adj. to bewitch with the eye. To enchant; bewitch; influence secretly and unaccountably fascinous is an obsolete word for caused or acting by enchantment.

and

FASCINES, in fortification, are faggots, made of small branches of trees tied in three or four places, and of various dimensions, according to Those that are for purposes intended. making epaulements or chandeliers, for raising works, or filling up ditches, are ten feet long, one or one and a quarter foot in diameter. They are made in the following manner: six small pickets are stuck into the ground, two and two, forming little crosses, well fastened in the middle. On these trestles the branches are laid, and are bound round with withes at the He had such a crafty and bewitching fashion, both distance of every two feet. Six men are emto move pity and induce belief, as was like a kind of ployed in making a fascine: two cut the boughs, fascination and enchantment to those that saw him or two gather them, and the remaining two bind heard him. Id. them. G

There be none of the affections which have been noted to fascinate or bewitch, but love and envy.

Vol. IX

Bacon.

FASCIOLA, in zoology, the fluke or gourd worm a genus of insects of the order of vermes intestina: the body is flattish, and has a vent hole at the extremity and on the belly. There are forty-six-species:

F. barbata, is white, with transverse papillæ in the mouth. It is of an oblong shape, and about the size of a cucumber seed. It is found in the intestines of the sepia lotigo.

F. hepatica, the liver fluke, grows to twothirds of an inch in length, though it is more usually met with not half that size; and its breadth is nearly equal to two-thirds of its length it is flattish, but somewhat rounded on the back, and has about eight deep longitudinal furrows in two series; its skin is soft and whitish,

:

with a tinge of brown. The hinder part is rounded, the fore part is furnished with a large mouth; it bears some resemblance to the seed of the common gourd, whence it has acquired the name of the gourd-worm. It is found in fresh waters, in ditches, at the roots of stones, sometimes in the intestines, and often in the substance of the other viscera in quadrupeds. It often infests the livers of sheep, and on that account is called hepatica. Bags with salt in them should be placed in the fold that the sheep may lick them, which is the only remedy.

F. intestinalis, or intestinal fluke, is of a long slender form, when extended; when contracted, of a suboval form. It inhabits the intestines of fresh water fish, particularly breams.

FASHION, n. s. & v. a.
FASHIONABLE, adj.

Frencn, açon; Norman Fr. facion; Ital. fazo, fattione; Latin, facio, to make. Form; make; appearance; manner; mode; custom of dress or ornament: hence any thing worn; a distemper of horses. To fashion is to make or form; fit; adapt; accommodate to the reigning custom or mode; counterfeit. A fashioner is a former or maker of any thing. Fashionist and fashion-monger, a fop; a 'dandy;' a foolish observer of all fashions. Fashion-mongering, behaving as a fashion-mon

FASHIONABLY, adv.
FASHIONABLENESS, n. s.
FASH'IONER,
FASH'IONIST,
FASH'ION-MONGERING, adj.

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How much your chain weighs to the utmost carat,
The fineness of the gold, the chargeful fashion. Id.
For that I love your daughter

In such a righteous fashion as I do,
Perforce against all checks, rebukes, and manners,
I must advance.
Id. Merry Wives of Windsor.
This cardinal,

Though from an humble stock undoubtedly,
Was fashioned to much honour from his cradle,
Id. Henry VIII.

I'll be at charges for a looking-glass,
And entertain a score or two of taylors,
To study fashions to adorn my body.
Now, by this maiden blossom in my hand,
scorn thee, and thy fashion, peevish boy.

Id.

Id.

the fashions, and full of windgalls.
His horse is possest with the glanders, infected with
Id.

That slightly shakes his parting guest by th' hand;
Time is like a fashionable host,
But with his arms outstretched, as he would fly,
Grasps in the comer: welcome ever smiles,
And farewell goes out sighing.

Scambling, out-facing, fashion-mongʼring boys,
That lie, and cog, and flout, deprave and slander,
Go antickly, and show outward hideousness.

Id.

Id.

Exceed not the humour of rags and bravery, for these will soon wear out of fashion; but money in thy purse will ever be in fashion. Raleigh.

It is strange that men of fashion, and gentlemen, should so grossly belie their own knowledge. Id. The graves of the rebellious generations were already fashioned in the clouds, which soon after should swallow up all living creatures.

[d.

The commissioners either pulled down or defaced all images in churches; and that in such unseasonable and unseasoned fashion, as if it had been done in hostility against them. Hayward.

Where is my fashioner? my feather-man? My linener, perfumer, barber? Ben Jonson. The way of outward fashionableness in religion, and inward liberty of heart, cannot but seem fair to nature. Bp. Hall.

Balaam's suit and Israel's quails had both one fashion of grant, in anger. Id. Contemplations.

The rib he formed and fashioned with his hands; Under his forming hands a creature grew, Manlike, but different sex. Milton's Paradise Lost.

Zelmane again, with great admiration, began to speak of him; asking whether it were the fashion or no, in Arcadia, that shepherds should perform such valorous enterprizes? Sidney.

Though the truth of this hath been universally acknowledged, yet because the fashion of the age is to call every thing into question, it will be requisite to Tillotson. satisfy men's reason about it.

The eminence of your condition will invite gentlemen to the study of nature, and make philosophy fashionable. Glanville.

A certain air of pleasantry and humour, which prevails now-a-days in the fashionable world, gives a son the assurance to tell his father, he has lived too long. Shaftesbury. This fashion-monger each morn 'fore he rise, Marston. Contemplates suit-shapes.

Rich, fashionable robes her person deck; Pendants her ears, and pearls adorn her neck. Dryden.

Inability will every one find in himself, who shall go about to fashion in his understanding any simple idea, not received by his senses from external objects, or by reflection from the operation of his mind about them. Locke.

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