behind the goddess Isis in her flight from the giant Typhon. The Greeks give, however, two different accounts of it: the one, that Juno, without perceiving it, accidentally gave suck to Mercury when an infant; but that as soon as she turned her eyes upon him, she threw him from her, and as the nipple was drawn from his mouth, the milk ran about for a moment: the other, that the infant Hercules being laid by the side of Juno when asleep, on waking she gave him the breast; but soon perceiving who he was, she threw him from her, and the heavens were marked by the wasted milk. Aristotle supposed it a kind of meteor, formed of a crowd of vapors, drawn into that part by certain large stars disposed in the region of the heavens answering hereto. Others, finding that the Galaxy was seen all over the globe, that it always corresponded to the same fixed stars, and that it transcended the height of the highest planets, set aside Aristotle's opinion; placed the Galaxy in the firmament, or region of the fixed stars, and concluded it to be nothing but an assemblage of an infinite number of minute stars. Since the invention of the telescope, this opinion has been abundantly confirmed. By directing a good telescope to any part of the milky way, where before we only saw a confused whiteness, we now descry an innumerable multitude of little stars, so remote, that a naked eye confounds them. See ASTRONOMY.

GALBA (Servius Sulpicius), emperor of Rome, and the seventh of the Cæsars, born the 24th of December A. A. C. 5. He was gradually raised to the highest offices of the state, and exercised his power in the provinces with the greatest equity. He dedicated much of his time to solitary pursuits, to avoid the suspicions of Nero. Expressing his disapprobation of the emperor's oppression in the provinces, Nero ordered him to be put to death; but he escaped from the executioner, and was publicly saluted emperor. When seated on the throne, he suffered himself to be governed by favorites, who oppressed the citizens. Exemptions were sold at a high price; and impunity even for murder was to be purchased. Such irregularities greatly displeased the people; and Galba refusing to pay the soldiers the money he had promised them, they assassinated him in the seventy-third year of his age, and eighth month of his reign. The virtues which had shone so bright in Galba, when a private man, totally disappeared when he ascended the throne; and he who had showed himself the most impartial judge, forgot his duty when he became emperor. GALBANUM, n. s. xaλßavn. A resinous gum. We meet with galbanum sometimes in loose granules, called drops of tears, which is the purest, and sometimes in large masses. It is soft, like wax, and ductile between the fingers; of a yellowish or reddish colour: its smell is strong and disagreeable. It is of a middle nature between a gum and a resin, being inflammable as a resin, and soluble in water as a gum, and will not dissolve in oil as pure resins do. It is the produce of an umbelliferous plant.

Sax. galbanum; Gr.

Hill.

GALBANUM issues from the stem of an umbelliferous plant, growing in Persia and many

parts of Africa. See BUBON. The juice is semipellucid, soft, tenacious; of a strong smell, and a bitterish warm taste; the better sort is in pale colored masses, composed of clear white tears. Geoffroy relates, that a dark greenish oil is to be obtained from this by distillation, which, upon repeated rectifications, becomes of an elegant sky-blue color. The purer sorts of galbanum are said by some to dissolve entirely in wine, vinegar, or water; but these liquors are only partial menstrua with regard to this drug; nor do spirits of wine or oils prove more effectual in this respect: the best solvent is a mixture of two parts spirits of wine and one of water. Galbanum agrees in virtue with gum ammonia, but is generally accounted less efficacious in asthmas, and more so in hysterical complaints. It is an ingredient in the gum pills, the gun plaster, and some other officinal compositions.

GALE, n. s. Goth, gol; Belg, koele; Germ gahling, hasty; sudden. A wind which blows somewhat stronger than a breeze, but not tem, pestuously.

What happy gale

Blows you to Padua here, from old Verona?

GALE, in sea language, a term of various import. When the wind blows not so hard but that a ship may carry her top-sails a-trip (that is, hoisted up to the highest) they say it is a loom gale. When it blows very strong, it is a stiff, strong, or fresh gale. When two ships are near one another at sea, and, there being but little wind blowing, one of them finds more of it than the other, they say that the one ship gales away from the other.

GALE (Dr, John), an eminent Baptist minister of the last century, was born in London in 1680. He studied at Leyden, and afterwards at Amsterdam, under Limborch, and was chosen minister of the Baptist congregation in Barbican in 1715. He became a popular preacher, but is principally known by his Reflections on Dr. Wall's History of Infant Baptism, 8vo He died in 1721. Four volumes of his sermops

treating diseases, founded on the principles of Galen, or introduced by Galen.

GALENISTS, or GALENITES, in church history, a branch of Mennonites, who take in several of the opinions of the Socinians, or rather Arians, touching the divinity of our Saviour. In 1664 the Waterlandians divided into two parties, of which the one were called Galenists, from their leader Abraham Galenus, a learned and eloquent physician of Amsterdam, and the other Apostolians.

GALEOPSIS, in botany, a genus of the angiospermia order, and didynamia class of plants; natural order forty-second, verticillata. The upper lip of the corolla is a little crenated or arched; the under lip more than bidentate. Species four, all indigenous to our own cornfields.

GALEOTI (Martio), secretary to Matthias, king of Hungary, tutor to his son John, and librarian at Buda, was born at Narni in Italy. He published a work entitled, De Homine Interiore et de Corpore ejus, in 4to, and a collection of bons mots of king Matthias. Being invited by Louis XI. of France, to his court, he went to Lyons, but meeting the king unexpectedly, he, in descending hastily to pay his respects to the monarch, fell, and, being very corpulent, was so much hurt, that he died soon after.

GALERICULATE, adj. Lat. galerus. Co

vered as with a hat.

GALERICULUM, in Roman antiquity, a cap worn both by men and women, consisting of skin so neatly dressed with hair, that the artificial covering could scarcely be distinguished from the natural. They were used by those whose hair was thin; and by wrestlers, to keep their own hair from receiving any injury from the oils with which they were rubbed before they exercised.

GALGACUS, the name given by Tacitus, and other Roman historians, to the king of Scots, who opposed Agricola, called by Buchanan, and our other Scots historians, Corbredus Galdus.

GALIANI (Ferdinand), an Italian ecclesiastic and writer, was born at Naples in 1720. His uncle, was archbishop and almoner to the king, and took care of his education. At the age of twenty, he wrote some popular verses on the death of the public executioner, in ridicule of the custom, then universal, of celebrating the memory of opulent persons, by eulogies. Not long after this, Benedict XIV. desiring Galiani's uncle to send him some of the stones thrown up by Mount Vesuvius, the archbishop entrusted the commission to his nephew, who wrote in the box, Si filius Dei es, fac ut lapides isti panes fiant. For this piece of wit, the pope, it is said, gave him an abbey worth £700 a-year. In 1750 he published his Tractata della Moneta, which was followed by An Essay on the Commerce of Corn, printed at Paris, where he resided with the Neapolitan ambassador. On his return to Rome he was appointed a counsellor in the tribunal of commerce, and died in 1789. Besides the above works, he wrote a Treatise on the Neapolitan language, and another on the Armed Neutrality.

GALICIA, or GALLICIA, an important province of Spain, forming the north-west angle of

that country. It is bounded on the north and west by the Atlantic, on the east by Asturia and Leon, and on the south by the Portuguese provinces of Tras-los-Montes and Entre-douro-éMinho. Its mean extent is about forty-six leagues from north to south, and 140 leagues from east to west, having a territorial area of 16,746 square miles, and upwards of 1,000,000 inhabitants. It lies between 6° 37′ and 9° 13′ W. long., and 40° 56′ and 43° 46′ N. lat.

Galicia has the title of a kingdom, and is divided into seven districts or provinces. The principal towns are Compostella, Corunna, Lugo, Tuy, Orense, Finisterre, Vigo, &c. &c. Its capital is generally said to be Compostella in San-Jago; but Corunna has also been regarded as such. It has an archbishopric (San_Jago), and a university; four bishoprics, Tuy, Orense, Mondonnedo, and Lugo; five cathedral and five collegiate chapters, several abbeys of Benedictines and Bernardines, two commanderies of religious orders, seven cities, 3683 parishes, and ninety-eight religious houses. This province has 100 leagues of coast, and its ports are numerous, both on the north and western ocean; but they in general are small. Those that deserve notice are, Maria, Corcuvion, Bayona, Pontevedra, Muroz, Guardia, Vigo, Corunna, Ferrol, Santa Marta, Vivero, Ribadeo, &c.

The climate of Galicia is mild upon the coast, and cold in the interior, which is exposed to winds and heavy rains. It is considered the most populous province in Spain, and is, in general, very mountainous, and well wooded, but intersected with beautiful valleys, and small plains. A chain of mountains proceeds from the Pyrenees near Roncevallos, between Biscay and Navarre, directing its course to the northwest, and leaving on its right the Asturias, penetrating by Leon into Galicia, which it traverses, and continues till it is stopped by the sea, after forming Cape Finisterre. The mountains of this branch have different names; the most considerable of which is the Sierra de Mondonnedo, of great extent, occupying the whole extremity of the north-east of Galicia towards Asturia, and proceeding to the north as far as Cape Ortegal, and to the west as far as the Atlantic.

Its chief rivers are the Eo, or Rio de Miranda, which separates it from Asturias, and, after pursuing a course of twenty-four leagues from south-east to the north, falls into the Northern Ocean above Ribadeo in Galicia, and Castropol in Asturia; the Ulla or Ilia, which has a course of twenty-three leagues from the north-east to the south-west; the Tambra, or Tamaris, which gives the name of Tamaricians to the people who occupy its banks, pursuing a course of twenty leagues from the north-east to the southwest; the Mandeo, whose course is sixteen leagues, from the east to the north-east; the Minho, which rises in the east of the Sierra Mondonnedo, and after receiving several tributary streams, and separating Galicia from Portugal, in a course of about fifty-two leagues, first from north to south and then to the south-west, falls into the ocean near the port of Guardia; the Sil, which rises in the mountains to the west of Leon, and after a course of thirty-three

leagues falls into the Minho. In this province they reckon seventy rivers of some size.

Galicia was formerly celebrated for its mines: those that are now chiefly known are copper, lead, and tin. White marble and jasper are found between Corunna and Betanzos, as well as marcasite, vitriol, sulphur, &c. These mountains also furnish excellent timber. Galicia likewise abounds in mineral waters, and game. Maize, wheat, oats, millet, hemp, flax, lemons, and other fruit, with some wine, are its chief products. Fine oak, walnut, chestnut, and hazle trees abound, and the inhabitants rear many horned cattle, mules, asses, hogs, and poultry. Every farmer keeps a flock of sheep and goats in proportion to the extent of his land; and the Galicians are deemed laborious in the culture of their soil, and their general attention to agriculture. But they are not much addicted to the mechanical arts or to commerce. There are, however, manufactories of woollen stuffs, coarse cloths and hosiery at Lugo; of ropes and sailcloth at Ferrol and Corunna; of linen at Tuy, and of silk in the territory of Montforte, in the county of Lamos. Yet, on the whole, Galicia is, with regard to manufactories, the least enterprising part of Spain, and its natives are so frequently engaged in servile employment in the other parts of the country, and are so accustomed to ill treatment, that it has given rise to a proverb common in the neighbouring provinces, · he has treated me like a Gallego.' They are said, however, to be not deficient in manly courage and spirit, and the temper evinced by them at home is often indicative of energy and

elevation of character.

Its coasts and rivers are plentifully supplied with all kinds of fish. The exports are cattle, fish, and the cloth it manufactures. They also send, to other provinces of Spain, table-linen, skins, hides and leather, hats, tapes, knit stockings, wool and wine. The importations from the English, French, and Dutch, are received at Vigo, and the exportations sent generally from the port of Corunna. See CORUNNA.

This country took its name from its ancient inhabitants, the Callæci, and was constituted a kingdom in the year 1060 by Ferdinand the Great, of Castile, who gave this province to his son Don Garcias. Till the reign of Ferdinand V. and Isabella, however, the inhabitants paid little respect to the royal authority, and the nobility exercised a feudal sovereignty in their own territories, conniving at the pillage of strangers. The ancient inhabitants are celebrated in history for their exploits in war and hunting, and fishing. Their wives ploughed the land, sowed, gathered the harvest, and took care of their families. The traveller, at present, finds in the mountains of Galicia simple and pure manners, and a quiet and very hospitable people, personally of good size, muscular, and robust: the women are fair and handsome, with black hair and eyes, and fine and regular teeth, but not very expressive features. Men, women, and children go barefoot. The Galicians were the first poets of Spain, and they composed and sung verses before the descent of the Romans. The

present language is a mixture of the ancient Castilian and Portuguese.

GALICIA, an extensive province of Austrian Poland, bounded on the north by Poland Proper, or the new kingdom of that name, on the east by Russia, on the south by Moldavia, Transylvania and Hungary, and on the west by Austrian Silesia. It lies between 18° 35′ and 26° 50′ of E. long., and 47° 50′ and 50° 45′ of N. lat., containing 32,521 square miles, and, including the adjacent province of the Bukowine, about 3,750,000 inhabitants.

With the exception of some branches of the Carpathians, towards the south, Galicia contains no mountains. It is watered by the Vistula, the Dniester, Dunajez, the San, and the Wisloka, besides other smaller streams; and ponds are numerous throughout the country. The climate is warm, and the soil in general very fertile, but the agriculture is in a very low state; still a considerable quantity of corn is exported. The other products are flax, rapeseed, and fruit, including grapes; but no good wine is made here. The horses are esteemed for their hardiness and swiftness, and black cattle are an article of export. By an authentic statement delivered to the imperial chambers of commerce at Vienna, in 1813, the stock of oxen, cows, and horses, was thus taken :

In the woods are wolves, bears, buffaloes, and game of all kinds; the beaver too is indigenous here, particularly in the neighbourhood of Grodek, and on the banks of the Bog. The cochineal insect is also found in Galicia, and gold is procured in small quantities from the sand of the Bistricza. Petroleum, flints of an excellent quality, and mineral waters, are found in different parts of the country; the mountains also contain iron ore, but the most important mineral production is salt, which exists in almost every hill, and is either used as dug from the mines, or as prepared by evaporation. The quantity annually produced is about 200,000 tons.

The character, manners, and language, of the Galicians differ little from those of the Poles in general except toward the east, where Russian is used. Although servitude has been of late abolished by the Austrian government, the habits consequent on that state of society will long remain; and the only difference as yet produced, has been to transfer the rod from the hand of the master to that of a magistrate or his deputy. Idleness is the bane of the country. The cottages of the peasantry are most wretched, and manufactures are almost unknown. The little inland commerce is in the hands of the Jews; but the property of land in the nobility. The distance from the sea-coast is a great impediment to the export of corn; but the level nature of the country is favorable to navigation; the boats used, draw little water, and the roads are generally good.

During the middle ages, Galicz and Wlodimir were two independent duchies of limited extent, occupying nearly the site of the present