Here wrecks were in such plenty That there was fuel to have furnished twenty. Byron. Don Juan. FUENHOA, a city of China, in the province of Pe-Tcheli, celebrated for its extent, and the number of its inhabitants, as well as for the beauty of its streets and triumphal arches. It is situated near the great wall amidst mountains; and has under its jurisdiction two cities of the second, and eight of the third class, and a great number of fortresses, which bar the entrance of China against the Tartars.

FUERTEVENTURA, or FORTAventura, one of the Canary Islands, consisting of two peninsulas, joined by an isthmus twelve miles broad. The soil is fertile, producing wheat, barley, mastic, orchel, dates, olives, and various other fruits; particularly a species of fig-tree, that yields a medicinal balm. It abounds in cattle and goats; 50,000 kids have been bred here annually. Long. 14° 32′ W., lat. 28° 4′ N. FUGA CITY, n. s. Lat. fugar. VolaFUGA'CIOUS, adj. tile: the quality of flyFUGA'CIOUSNESS, n. s. ing away: uncertainty; instability.

Spirits and salts, which, by their fugacity, colour, smell, taste, and divers experiments that I purposely made to examine them, were like the salt and spirit of urine and soot. Boyle.

FUGALIA, in Roman antiquity, a feast supposed by some to be the same with the regifugium, held on the 24th of February, in memory of the expulsion of the kings, and the abolition of monarchy. Others think that the fugalia was the same with poplifugia, or the feast of Fugia, the goddess of joy, occasioned by the rout of an enemy; which was the reason the people abandoned themselves to riot and debauchery.

FUGH, interj. Perhaps from Gr. pev. An expression of abhorrence. Commonly foh.

A very filthy fellow: how odiously he smells of his country garlick! fugh, how he stinks of Spain! Dryden's Don Sebastian, FUGITIVE, adj. & n. s. Į Fr. fugitif; Lat. FUGITIVENESS, n. s. fugitivus. Not tenable; not to be held or detained; unsteady; evanescent; volatile; apt to fly away: a wanderer; a runagate; a vagabond: one hard to be caught, or detained: volatility; fugacity.

Whilst yet with Parthian blood thy sword is warm, The fugitive Parthians follow.

Shakspeare. Antony and Cleopatra. Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants, but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away, and almost all fugitives are of

that condition.

Bacon.

The most malicious surmise was countenanced by a libellous pamphlet of a fugitive physician. Wotton. The Trojan chief

Thrice fugitive about Troy wall.

Back to thy punishment,

False fugitive! and to thy speed add wings,
Lest with a whip of scorpions I pursue
Thy lingering.

Milton.

Id. Paradise Lost

That divers salts, emerging upon the analysis of many concretes, are very volatile, is plain from the fugitiveness of salt and of hartshorn attending in distillation.

Boyle.

The more tender and fugitive parts, the leaves, of many of the more sturdy vegetables, fall off for want of the supply from beneath: those only which are more tenacious, making a shift to subsist without such recruit. Woodward's Natural History. Can a fugitive daughter enjoy herself, while her Clarissa. parents are in tears?

What muse but his can Nature's beauties hit, Or catch that airy fugitive, called Wit?

Harte.

I cannot find my hero: he is mixed With the heroic crowd that now pursue The fugitives, or battle with the desperate. Byron. Deformed Transformed. FUGITIVE PIECES, in literature, essays, poems, or other short compositions, inserted in newspapers, magazines, or the like periodical publications; or printed on loose sheets, or half sheets; so called, because easily lost and soon forgotten.

FUGUE, n. s. From Fr. and Lat. fuga. !n music, some point consisting of four, five, six, or any other number of notes begun by some one single part, and then seconded by a third, fourth, fifth, and sixth part, if the composition consists of so many; repeating the same, or such like notes, so that the several parts follow, or come in one after another in the same manner, the leading parts still flying before those that follow. Harris.

The reports and fugues have an agreement with the figures in rhetorick of repetition and traduction.

His volant touch

Bacon's Natural Hist.

Instinct through all proportions, low and high, Fled, and pursued transverse the resonant fugue.

Milton.

The skilful organist plies bis grave and fancied descant in lofty fugues. Id. on Education. Long has a race of heroes filled the stage, That rant by note, and through the gamut rage; In songs and airs express their martial fire, Combat in trills, and in a fugue expire. Addison. A FUGUE is a piece of music sometimes longer and sometimes shorter, in which, agreeably tr the rules of harmony and modulation, the composer treats a subject; or, in other words, what expresses the capital thought or sentiment of the piece, in causing it to pass successively and alternately from one part to another. Some are peculiar to itself; and others common to it with what the French call imitation. 1. The subject proceeds from the tonic to the dominant, or from the dominant to the tonic, in rising or descending. 2. Every fugue finds its response in the part immediately following that which commenced. 3. That response ought to resume the subject in the interval of a fourth or fifth above or below

the key, and to pursue it as exactly as the laws of harmony will admit; proceeding from the dominant to the tonic when the subject is introduced from the tonic to the dominant, and mov

ng in a contrary direction when the subject is introduced from the dominant to the tonic. One part may likewise resume the same subject in the octave or unison of the preceding; but in that case, it is a repetition rather than a real response. 4. As the octave is divided into two unequal parts, of which the one contains four gradations descending from the tonic to the dominant, and the other only three in continuing the ascent from the dominant to the tonic; this renders it necessary to have some regard to this change in the expression of the subject, and to make some alterations in the response, that we may not quit the chords that are essential to the mode. It is a different case when the composer intends to alter the modulation; for these the exactness of the response itself, when taken in a different tone, produces the alteration proper for this change. 5. The fugue should be planned in such a manner, that the response may commence before the close of the best air, so that both the one and the other may be in part heard at the same time that, by this anticipation, the subject may be as it were connected with itself, and that the art of the composer may discover itself in this concourse. It is absolute mockery, instead of a fugue, to impose upon the hearers the same air, merely transposed from one key to another, without any other restraint than an accompaniment afterwards formed at pleasure. This deserves at best no better name than what the French call imitation. See IMITATION.

Rousseau defines a fugue a piece of music in which a trait of melody, called the subject, is treated, according to certain established rules of harmony and modulation in making it pass successively and alternately from one part to another.' The subject resembles the text of a sermon, out of which all that is said should naturally arise, and serve as a commentary and illustration. But though, for variety, or to indulge caprice, fugues and canons have been composed in all intervals, yet orthodox contrapuntists allow no fugues to be regular, but those of which the answer is made in the fifth, fourth, eighth, or unison, as then the intervals will be the same. And of the answers, the preference is given to the fifth, then to the fourth, eighth and unison; as the effect is pleasing in that order. It must be remembered that the subject itself, as of all other movements, should begin on the key note, its fifth or its eighth. Of the various rules by which a true answer to a fugue may be tried, Dr. Pepusch advises solmisation; Padre Martini the modes of the Romish church, called authentic and plagal: both good in the three hexachords and their minor relatives; but in transposed keys, in which several flats or sharps occur at the clef, there is no rule more certain and unexceptionable than giving the answer in exactly the same intervals as the subject, only remembering that if one part rises a fifth, the other will only rise a fourth, as C G-C et e contra: as G C * C * G. But this is only in leading off. The rest of the answer must be in the same intervals, and characters for time, as the subject, except in prolation, augmentation and diminution, which give the

G

answer in longer or shorter notes than the theme. All fugues and canons are imitations; but the term imitation is only applied to irregular fugues, when the intervals are not the same. The answer to a regular fugue may commence in the middle of the subject, which will unite them together, and make them reciprocaliy accompaniments to each other. The fugued style, says Mr. Donnely, is that where all the parts are nearly of the same importance, and where the harmony, whether for two, three, or four parts, is rich, pure, and concise; a style in which, not only all commonplace passages are carefully avoided, but every thing unworthy of the attention of the learned. This style is, and ever will be, that which the connoisseur and man of taste will esteem the most, not only because it is the most difficult, but because it is not subjected to the caprice of a frivolous and transitory taste, as is the case with most other musical productions, which get out of fashion, and never resist time. For this reason, the works of Handel, Marcello, Sebastian Bach, &c., have, for us, the same interest they had for past generations. There are some admirable specimens of fugues, in Clementi's Practical Harmony, a work, which has, in a most extraordinary degree, improved the taste for good music in England.'

It is impossible to enumerate all the ingenious contrivances that have been used in the works of great fughists. The following are the most frequent.

FUGA PER ARSIN ET THESIN, or fugue in contrary motion.

FUGA PER CONTRARI MOVIMENTI.

FUGA IN CONSEQUENZA, is sometimes used for

canon.

FUGA OMOFONA, a fugue in unison.

FUGA LIBERA, free fugue. A canon is so called.

FUGA LEGATA, and a strict fugue, a canon.
FUGA PERPETUA, perpetual fugue.

FULCIMENT, n. s.. Lat. fulcimen, fulcimentum. That on which a body rests, which acts or is acted upon at each end, as a balance or a lever.

The power that equiponderates with any weight, must have the same proportion unto it, as there is betwixt their several distances from the centre or fulci

ment.

Wilkins.

FULCRUM, in mechanics, the prop or support by which a lever is sustained.

FULCRUM, in botany. See BOTANY, Index.

FULDA, or FULDE, a province, once an episcopal principality of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, bounded on the north by Hesse Cassel, east by Henneberg, south by Wurzburg, and west by Isemburg and Hesse. It now belongs chiefly to Hesse Cassel, and is forty miles long, and from seven to twenty-five broad containing 642 square miles; and is full of woods, mountains, medicinal springs, and rich arable lands. It was erected into a bishopric, in 1752, by Boniface XIV. This is a mountainous district, and little adapted to tillage in any part: but the pasturage is extensive, and the culture of culinary vegetables considerable. The inhabitants are generally poor, and manufacture nothing but a little yarn, and linen. The Fulda is the

FULHAM, a village of Middlesex, four miles from London. The Danes in 869 wintered at this place till they retired to the continent. In William the Conqueror's time it was held of the king by the canons of St. Paul's; and there is an ancient house in it, which is moated about, and belongs to the see of London, whose bishop has a palace here, and the demesne has belonged to that diocese from 1067. From this place to Putney there is a wooden bridge over the Thames, where not only horses, coaches, and all carriages, but even foot passengers, pay toll. The church here is both a rectory and a vi

carage.

FULICA, in ornithology, the gallinule and coot, a genus of birds of the order of gralla. The bill convex: the upper mandible fornicated over the lower at the edge; the lower mandible is gibbous behind the tip. The forehead is bald; and the feet have four toes, subpinnated. There are twenty-five species; eighteen of which belong to the gallinule division, distinguished by having the toes furnished with broad scalloped membranes; and seven comprehend the coots which have the toes divided to their origin. The following are among the most remarkable:

F. aterrima, the greater coot, is of a larger size than the common coot, and its plumage is blacker. This species is found in Lancashire and Scotland; but is more plentiful on the continent, being found in Russia, and the west of Siberia very common; also at Sologne and the neighbouring parts, where they call it judelle. Its flesh is much esteemed.

F. atra, the common coot, has a bald forehead, a black body and lobated toes; and is about fifteen inches long. They frequent lakes and still rivers; making their nests among the rushes, with grass, reeds, &c., floating on the water, so as to rise and fall with it. They lay five or six large eggs, of a dirty whitish hue, sprinkled over with minute deep rust-colored spots; and it is said, that they will lay fourteen or more. The young when just hatched are very deformed, and the head mixed with a red coarse down. In winter they often repair to the sea, and the channel near Southampton is sometimes observed almost covered with them. They are often brought to that market, where they are exposed to sale without their feathers, and scalded like pigs. This species is not numerous, for vast numbers fall a prey while young to the buzzards, which frequent the marshes. Their food is small fish and water

insects; but they sometimes eat the roots of the balrush, and with it feed their young; they are said likewise to eat grain. This species is supposed to extend throughout the old continent, and perhaps the new also. It inhabits Greenland, Sweden, Norway, Russia, Siberia, Persia, China, and many of the intermediate parts. It is also met with in Jamaica, Carolina, and other parts of North America. The Indians about Niagara dress the skins, and use them for pouches. They are called in Carolina, flus

in the very waters, if they be weedy. It builds upon low trees and shrubs by the water side; breeding twice or thrice in a summer; and, when the young are grown up, drives them away to shift for themselves. The hen lays seven eggs of a dirty white, thinly spotted with rust color. The gallinule strikes with its bill, and in spring has a shrill call. In flying, it hangs down its legs; and in running, it often flirts up its tail, and shows the white feathers. The bottoms of its toes are so very flat and broad (to enable it to swim) that it seems to be the species which connects the cloven-footed aquatics with the fin-toed. It is pretty common on the continent, and inhabits America, from New York to Carolina; as well as Jamaica and other islands in the West Indies. It feeds on plants and small fish, and the flesh is pretty good.

F. porphyrio, the purple gallinule, is about the size of a fowl, or seventeen inches in length. The bill is an inch and a half long, and of a deep red color. The forehead is bare and red; the head and hind part of the neck are glossy violet; the legs are very stout, and of the color of the bill. This species is more or less common in all the warmer parts of the globe. On the coasts of Barbary they abound, as well as in some of the islands of the Mediterranean. In Sicily they are bred in plenty, and kept for their beauty. They are often met with in the south of Russia and west of Siberia, among reedy places; and near the Caspian Sea; but in the cultivated rice grounds of Ghilar, in Persia, they are in great plenty and high plumage. The female makes the nest among the reeds in the middle of March; lays three or four eggs, and sits from three to four weeks. That they are common in China, the Chinese paper hangings testify. They are also met with in the East Indies, the island of Java, Madagascar, &c. They are also common in South America. They are very docile, easily tamed, and feed with the poultry; scratching the ground with their feet, like our cocks and hens. They feed on fruits, roots, and grain, but eat fish with avidity, dipping them in the water before swallowing. They often stand on one leg, and lift the food to their mouths with the other. A pair of them, kept in an aviary in France, made a nest of small sticks mixed with a quantity of straw, and laid six white eggs, perfectly round; but the hen was careless of them, and they produced nothing. The flesh is said to be exquisite.

FULIG'INOUS, adj. Fr. fuligineur-se; Lat. fuliginosus. Sooty; smoky.

liginous vapours of dusky melancholy, and so cure Burrage hath an excellent spirit to repress the fu

madness.

Bacon.

FULK (William), D. D., an eminent English divine, born at London, in the sixteenth century. He was patronised by the earl of Leicester, who, in 1571, presented him to the livings of Warley and Diddington. He attended Leicester, when he went ambassador to France; and on his return was made master of Pembroke-hall, and Margaret professor of divinity in Cambridge. His works are very numerous, and chiefly against the Papists; the most noted is his Comment on the Rhemish New Testament. He died in 1589.

FULL, adj., n. s. & adv. Sax. pulle; Goth. FULLY, adv. full; Teut. ful; Belg. FULNESS, n. s. Svol; perhaps of Gr. AEOS, TAEOS. Replete; without vacuity; leaving no space void: stored; well supplied: plump; fat; saturated; complete; without abatement; strong; not faint; not attenuated; mature; perfect: applied to the moon when complete in its orb: spread to view in all dimensions. The idea of fulness is plenitude, and is used either in the proper sense to express the state of objects that are full, or in the improper sense to express great quantity, which is the accompaniment of fulness. See Crabb. Full is much used in composition, instances of which immediately follow the illustrations of this adjective and its deri

vatives.

Jewis.

And the fast was ful nygh, a feeste day of the Wiclif. Jon. vi. Better is an handful with quietness, than both the hands full with travel and vexation of spirit.

Valley full of chariots.

Eccl. iv. 6.

Isaiah. Psalms.

Spenser.

But what at full I know, thou knowest no part;
I knowing all my peril, thou no art. Shakspeare.
When we return,

cry.

We'll see those things affected to the full. Id. The king set forwards to London, receiving the acclamations and applauses of the people as he went; which indeed were true and unfeigned, as might well appear in the very demonstration and fulness of the Bacon's Henry VII. Barrels placed under the floor of a chamber, make all noises in the same more full and resounding. Id. Natural History. Brains in rabbits, woodcocks, and calves, are fullest Id. in the full of the moon. The alteration of scenes feeds and relieves the eye, Bacon. before it be full of the same object. Followers, who make themselves as trumpets of the commendation of those they follow, are full of inconvenience; they taint business through want of secrecy, and export honour from a man, and make him a retura Id. in envy. To the houses I wished nothing more than safety, fulness, and freedom. King Charles. I need not instance in the habitual intemperance of rich tables, nor the evil accidents and effects of fulness, pride and last, wantonness and softness.

Taylor's Rule of Holy Living. Where my expressions are not so full as his, either our language or my art were defective; but where mine are fuller than his, they are but the impressions which the often reading of him have left upon my thoughts. Denham.

Full counsel must mature.
Then all thy saints assembled, thou shalt judge
Bad men and angels; they arraigned shall sink
Beneath thy sentence; Hell her numbers full
Thenceforth shall be for ever shut.

Id. Paradise Lost. Therewith he ended, making a fuli point of a hearty Sidney sigh. With pretence from Strephon her to guard, He met her full, but full of warefulness. Your enjoyments are so complete, I turn wishes intc congratulations, and congratulating their fulness only South. wish their continuance.

Id.

The most judicious writer is sometimes mistaken after all his care; but the hasty critick, who judges on Dryden. a view, is full as liable to be deceived.