Searches into Nature. Here he died in 1743. He is said to have been the first person who cultivated mulberry-trees in the neighbourhood of Berlin, and he was the founder of the silk manufactory in this vicinity. His works are, a German and Latin Dictionary; Dictionnaire Nouveau des Passagers, François-Allemand et Allemand-François; Descriptions of all the German Insects, with Observations, and the ne cessary Figures, &c. FRISCHLIN (Nicodemus), a learned German classic and poet, born at Balingen, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, in 1547: he was educated by his father with great care, and sent to the university of Tubingen, where he made a rapid progress, and became a composer of Greek verse at the age of thirteen. At twenty years of age he obtained a professorship at this university, and soon after wrote a work against former systems of grammar, entitled Strigil Grammmatica. In 1580 he published an Oration in praise of a Country Life, with a Paraphrase upon Virgil's Eclogues and Georgics, in which he indulged much acrimony against the manners of the great, and was obliged, in consequence, to quit the university. He now composed sixteen books of elegies, two tragedies, seven comedies, and innumerable odes, anagrams, &c. His comedy of Rebecca obtained for him the golden laurel, and title of crowned poet, from the emperor Rodolph. Having, however, made a pecuniary application to the duke of Wirtemberg, it was refused, and he wrote back an answer so full of abuse, that 'he was arrested and imprisoned in the prison of Aurach. Attempting to escape from hence by ropes not strong enough to support him, he fell down a prodigious precipice, and was dashed to pieces: this happened in 1590. He left commentaries upon the Epistles of Horace and the Satires of Persius, and translations of Aristophanes, Callimachus, Heliodorus, and Oppian. FRISK, v.n. & n.s.` Ital. frizzare. To leap; FRISK'ER, n. s. + to skip; to whisk; to FRISK'INESS, n. s. gambol; to frolic; to FRISK'Y, adj. move wantonly: liveli ness; gaiety; gay; airy; wanton. Then doe the salvage beasts begin to play Their pleasant friskes, and loathe their wonted food: The lyons rore; the tygers loudly bray; The raging buls rebellow through the wood, And breaking forth dare tempt the deepest flood. Spenser's Faerie Queene. We are as twinned lambs, that did frisk in the sun, And bleat the one at the other : what we changed, Was innocence for innocence; we knew not The doctrine of ill-doing. Shakspeare. Winter's Tale. All new fashions be pleasant to me: Watch the quick motions of the frisking tail,' Then serve their fury with the rushing male. Dryden. So Bacchus through the conquered Indies rode, And beasts in gambols frisked before their honest god. Id. A wanton heifer frisked up and down in a meadow, at ease and pleasure. L'Estrange. Whether every one hath experimented this troublesome intrusion of some frisking ideas, which thus importune the understanding, and hinder it from being better employed, I know not. Locke. Oft to the mountains' airy tops advanced, The frisking satyrs on the summits danced. Addison. Those merry blades, Prior. That frisk it under Pindus' shades. Sly hunters thus, in Borneo's Isle, Arbuthnot. They place before him gloves and shoes; In vain to frisk or climb he tries; The huntsmen seize the grinning prize. Swift. He went forth with the lovely Oaltilis-ques, At the given signal joined to their array; And though he certainly ran many risks, Yet he could not at any time keep by the way (Although the consequences of such frisks Are worse than the worst damages we pay In moral England, where the thing's a tax) From ogling all their charms from breasts to backs. Byron. FRISRUTTER, an instrument of iron, used for the purpose of blocking up a haven, or river. The following description of it is given by general Monk:-The beams through which the upright bars pass must be twelve feet in length, and the upright bars that go through the beam must be of such a length that when one of these frisrutters is let down into a haven, or river, the perpendicular bars shall be deep enough to reach, at higu water, within five feet of the surface. FRIT, or FRITT, in the glass manufacture, is the matter or ingredients whereof glass is to be made, when they have been calcined or baked in a furnace. A salt drawn from the ashes of the plant kali, or from fern or other plants, mixed with sand or flint, and baked together, makes an opaque mass, called by glass-men frit; and by the ancients ammonitrum, of aμμoc, sand, and vrpov, nitre; under which name it is thus described by Pliny:-fine sand from the Volturnian sea, mixed with three times the quantity of nitre, and melted, makes a mass called ammonitrum, which being rebaked, makes pure glass. Frit, Neri observes, is only the calx of the materials that make glass; which, though they might be melted, and glass be made, without thus calcining them, yet it would take much more time. This calcining, or making of frit, serves to mix and incorporate the materials to2 T gether, and to evaporate all the superfluous humidity. The frit, once made, is readily fused and turned into glass. There are three kinds of frits: 1. The crystal frit, or that for crystal metal, made with salt of pulverine and sand. 2. The ordinary frit, made with bare ashes of pulverine, or barilla, without extracting the salt from them. This makes the ordinary white, or crystal metal. 3. The frit for green glasses, made of common ashes, without any preparation. This last requires ten or twelve hours baking. The materials in each are to be finely powdered, washed, and searced, then equally mixed, and frequently stirred together in the melting-pot. See GLASS. FRITH, n. s. Lat. fretum; Ital. freto. A straight of the sea, where the water being confined is rough. It once signified a kind of net; but this sense is obsolete. The Wear is a frith, reaching through the Ose, from the land to low water mark, and having in it a bunt or cod with an eye hook; where the fish entering, upon their coming back with the ebb, are stopt from Issuing out again. Carew. Into this wild abyss the wary fiend Stood on the brink of hell and looked a while, Pondering his voyage; for no narrow frith He had to cross. Milton. What desperate madman then would venture o'er The frith, or haul his cables from the shore? Dryden's Virgil. Batavian fleets Defraud us of the glittering finny swarms FRITILLARIA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and hexandria class of plants; natural order tenth, coronariæ: COR. hexapetalous and campanulated, with a nectariferous cavity above the heel in each petal: the stamina are as long as the corolla. There are eight species, all bulbous-rooted flowery perennials, producing annual stalks from about one foot to a yard or more high, terminated by large, bellshaped, liliaceous flowers, of a great variety of They are all propagated by offsets, colors. which they furnish abundantly from the sides of their roots, and which may be separated every second or third year. They are hardy plants, and will thrive in any of the common borders. FRITILLARY, n. s. Fr. fritillaire. A plant. FRITI'NANCY, n. s. Lat. fritinio. The scream of an insect, as the cricket or cicada. The note or fritinancy thereof is far more shrill than that of the locust, and its life short. Browne's Vulgar Errours. FRITTER, n. s. & v. a. Fr. friture. A smaller kind of pancake; a fragment; a small piece. On the authority of Ainsworth, Johnson adds, a cheesecake; a wig: but gives no illustrations. fo fritter is to cut into small pieces to be fried; to break into small fragments; to diminish any larger substance by slow degrees, and in minute particles thus, to fritter away any thing is imherceptibly to diss:pate it till all is gone one knows not how. Maids, fritters and pancakes ynow see ye make; Let Slut have one pancake for company sake. Tusser. Sense and putter! have I lived to stand in the taunt of one that makes fritters of English? Shakspeare. Merry Wives of Windsor. If you strike a solid body that is brittle, as glass of sugar, it breaketh not only where the immediate force is, but breaketh all about into shivers and fritters; the motion, upon the pressure, searching all ways, and breaking where it findeth the body weakest. Bacon's Natural History. Our eating of fritters, whipping of tops, roasting of nerrings, jack of lents, &c., they were all in imitation of church works, emblems of martyrdom. Selden. FRITZLAR, a district of Hesse-Cassel, lying in Lower and Upper Hesse, containing 137 square miles. The population, chiefly Catholics, was, in 1812, 15,328. It belonged formerly to the elector of Mentz, but in 1802 was made over to Hesse-Cassel. FRITZLAR, a town of Hesse-Cassel, the capital of the district of that name, is situated on the Edder, and has 2600 inhabitants, many of whom are Jews. Here are manufactures of tobacco. and earthenware. It is thirteen miles S.S.W. of Cassel. FRIULI, a considerable province of Italy, now subject to Austria, bounded on the north by the Tyrol and Carinthia; east by Carniola and Gradisca; south by the Adriatic, and west by the Trevisan, Feltrin, and Bellunese. It has an area of 2500 square miles, containing four cı ties, twenty towns and boroughs, and 600 villages, and a population of 120,000 Germans, Italians, and Sclavonians, intermixed. The The former is very fertile, producing all kinds of country is partly level and partly mountainous. duce only timber and game; and the roads corn, wine, fruits, &c.; but the mountains prothrough them are in many places hardly pas sable, either on foot or horseback. The chief rivers are the Tagliamento, Meduna, Cellina, and Stellar. Cattle are numerous, and the culture of silk is extensive The inhabitants, called Furlani or Friulani, are reckoned, says Dr. Oppenheim, the wildest in Italy. They speak a dialect resembling the ancient French, and widely differing from both the modern Italian and German. This country was called by the Romans Forum Julii. It was taken from the Lombards by Charlemagne, but belonged to the Venetians from 1420 till its partial alienation to Austria in the following century. In 1797 she obtained the whole by the treaty of Campo Formio, but ceded it to France by that of Presburg in 1805. In 1814 Friuli fell once more into the possession of Austria: it is now divided into two parts, the circle of Goritz, or Austrian Friuli, and the legation of Udina, corresponding to Venetian Friuli: the former belongs to the Illyrian, the latter to the Lombard part of the Augriau dominions. The emperor wears the title and armis of duke of Friuli, but the name is not otherwise used. FRIULI, CIVIDAD, or Cividad di. See C1VIDAD. This town, anciently called Forum Julii, is reckoned the second capital of the above province, and contained 4000 inhabitants in 1795. FRIVOLITY, n. s. Fr. frivole; Ital. Sp. FRIVOLOUS, adj. and Port. frivolo; Lat. FRIVOLOUSNESS, n. s. (frivolus, most probably FRIVOLOUSLY, adv. from frio, to crumble into dust; signifying reduced to nothing. French frivole, slight; trifling; of no moment; without weight, importance, or consideration. These seem very frivolous and fruitless; for, by the breach of them, little damage can come to the com monwealth. Spenser. It is frivolous to say we ought not to use bad ceremonies of the church of Rome, and presume all such bad as it pleaseth themselves to dislike. Hooker. Hence had the huntress Dian her dread bow, stuti, of a rough sturdy nap; and the frizer is incrustated with a kind of cement, composed of glue, gum arabic, and a yellow sand, with a little aqua vitæ, or urine. The beam, or drawer, thus called because it draws the stuff from between the frizer and the frizing table, is a wooden roller, beset all over with little, fine, short points or ends of wire, like those of cards used in carding of wool. The disposition and use of the machine are thus: the table stands immoveable, and bears or sustains the cloth to be frized, which is laid with that side uppermost on which the nap is to be raised; over the table is placed the frizer, at such a distance from it as to give room for the stuff to be passed between them: so that the frizer, having a very slow semicircular motion, meeting the long hairs or naps of the cloth, twists and rolls them into little knobs or burrs; while, at the same time, the drawer, which is continually turning, draws away the stuff from under the frizer, and winds it over its own points. All that the workman has to do, while the machine is going, is to stretch the stuff on the table, as fast as the drawer takes it off, and from time to time to take off the stuff from the points of the drawer. Feared her stern frown, and she was Queen o' the The design of having the frizing table lined with woods. Business the frivolous pretence Milton's Comus. Of human lusts to shake off innocence. Cowley. All the impeachments in Greece and Rome agreed in a motion of being concerned, in point of honour, to condemn whatever person they impeached, however frivolous the articles, or however weak the proofs. Swift. I will not defend any mistake, and do not think myself obliged to answer every frivolous objection. Arbuthnot. When I reflect on what I have seen, what I have heard, and what I have done, I can hardly persuade myself that all that frivolous hurry and bustle of pleasure in the world had any reality; but I look upon all that is past as one of those romantic dreams which opium commonly occasions, and I do by no means desire to repeat the nauseous dose. Chesterfield. It is an endless and frivolous pursuit to act by any other rule than the care of satisfying our own minds. Steele. FRIZING OF CLOTH, a term in the woollen manufactory, applied to the forming of the nap of stuff into a number of little hard burrs or prominences, covering almost the whole ground thereof. Some cloths are only frized on the back, as black cloths; others on the right side, as colored and mixed cloths, ratteens, bays, friezes, &c. Frizing may be performed two ways; one with the hand, by two workmen, who conduct a kind of plank that serves for a frizing instrument; the other, by a mill, worked either by water or a horse, and sometimes by men. The latter is esteemed the better way; as, the motion being uniform and regular, the little knobs are formed more equably and regularly. The structure of this useful machine is as follows: the three principal parts are the frizer, or crisper, the frizing table and the drawer, or beam. The two first are two equal planks, or boards, each about ten feet long and fifteen inches broad; differing only in this, that the frizing table is lined or covered with a kind of coarse woollen stuff of a short, stiff, stubby nap is that it may detain the cloth between the table and the frizer long enough for the grain to be formed, that the drawer may not take it away too readily, which must otherwise be the case, as it is not held by any thing at the other end. It is unnecessary to say any thing particular of the manner of frizing stuffs with the hand, it being the aim of the workmen, to imitate as near as they can, with their wooden instrument, the slow, equable, and circular motion of the machine. We need only add, that their frizer is but about two feet long, and one broad; and that, to form the nap more easily, they moisten the surface lightly with water, mingled with whites of eggs or honey. FRIZZLE, v. a. Į Fr. friser. To curl in FRIZZLER, n. s. short curls like nap of frieze. A crisp kind of curl induced by heat. They frizled and curled their hair with hot irons. Hakewill. FRO, adv. Of Sax Ƒɲa. Backward; regressively. It is only used in opposition to the word to: to and fro, backward and forward; to and from. As a contraction of from it is not now used. The fayrnesse of a lady that I se Chaucer. The Knightes Tale. Spenser. Faerie Queene. FROBENIUS (John), an eminent printer of the sixteenth century, born at Hammelburg in Franconia. He studied in the university of Basil, where he acquired great reputation for learning; and, setting up a printing-house in that city, was the first of the German printers who brought that art to any degree of perfection. The great character of this printer was the principal motive which induced Erasmus to reside at Basil, in order to have his works printed by him. A great number of valuable books were printed by him with care and accuracy. He died in 1527. Erasmus wrote his epitaph in Greek and Latin. John Frobenius left a son named Jerome Frobenius, and a daughter married to Nicholas Episcopius; who, joining in partnership, continued Frobenius's printing-house with reputation, and printed very correct editions of the Greek Fathers. noted for its ancient castle. It has a stone bridge FRODSHAM, a market town of Cheshire, over the Weaver, near its conflux with the Mersey, late inland navigation, it has communication and a harbour for ships of good burden. By the with the rivers Dee, Ribble, Darwent, Ouse, which navigation, including its windings, extends Trent, Severn, Humber, Thames, Avon, &c., about 500 miles in the counties of Lincoln, Nottingham, York, Lancaster, Westmoreland, Stafford, Warwick, Leicester, Oxford, Worcester, &c. Frodsham is ten miles north-east of Chester, and 193 N. N. W. of London. FROG, n. s. Sax. Fɲogga; Swedish frod; Teut. frosch; Goth. freja. A small animal with four feet, living both by land and water, and placed by naturalists among mixed animals, as partaking of beast and fish; famous in Homer's poem. The hollow part of a horse's hoof. Poor Tom, that eats the swimming frog, t he toad The screech-owl's eggs and the feathers black; : Auster is drawn with a pot or urn, water, with which shall descend frogs. Ben Jonson. pouring forth Peacham. An herb. FROG'-BIT, n. s. Frog and bit. Frog and grass. A kind fish. of herb. FROG'-LETTUCE, n. s. Frog and lettuce. A plant. FROBISHER, or FORBISHER (Sir Martin), a celebrated navigator and sea officer of the sixteenth century, born at Doncaster in Yorkshire, and from his youth brought up to navigation. He was the first English man who attempted to find a northwest passage to China; and, in 1576, he sailed with two barks and a pinnace for that purpose. In this voyage he discovered a cape, to which he gave the name of Queen Elizabeth's Foreland, and the next day a strait, to which he gave his own name. This voyage proving unsuccessful, he attempted the same passage in 1577; but, discovering some ore in an island, and his commission directing him only to search for ore, he returned to England with it. He sailed again with fifteen ships, and a great number of adventurers, to form a settlement; but, being obstructed by the ice, and driven out to sea by a violent storm, they, after encountering many difficulties, returned home, without making any settlement, but with a large quantity of ore. He afterwards commanded the Aid, in Sir Francis Drake's expedition to the West Indies, in which St. Domingo, Carthagena, and Santa Justina, in Florida, FROISSARD, or FROISSART (John), an emiwere taken and sacked. In 1588 he bravely ex- nent English chronicler and poet, was born at erted himself against the Spanish armada, when Valenciennes in 1337. He was canon and treahe commanded the Triumph, one of the largest surer of Chimay in Hainault. His chief work is ships in that service; and, as a reward for his a Chronicle of the Transactions in France, distinguished bravery, received the honor of Spain, and England, from 1326 to 1400: which knighthood from the lord high admiral at sea, is reckoned very accurate, and highly valued by He afterwards commanded a squadron which all earnest students of ancient manners. The cruised on the Spanish coast; and, in 1592, took best edition is that of Lyons in 4 vols. folio, 1559. two valuable ships and a rich carrac. In 1594 Sleidan abridged it, and Monstrelet continued it he was sent to the assistance of Henry IV., king down to 1466. It was translated in the reign of of France,against a body of the Leaguers and Spa- Henry VIII. by lord Berners, and latterly by niards, who had strongly entrenched themselves Mr. Johnes of Hafod. Froissard resided long at Croyzon, near Brest; but in an assault upon in the court of queen Phillippa, wife of Edward that fort, on the 7th of November, he was unfor- III. He has often been accused of partiality to tunately wounded with a ball, of which he died the English. He died about 1410. FROISE, n. s. From the Fr. froisser, as the pancake is crisped or crimpled in frying. A kind of food made by frying bacon enclosed in a pancake. FROLIC, adj. & n. s. Belgic vrolyk; FROL'ICLY, adv. Teut. frohlich, frok, FROLICSOME, adj. joy ; Goth. froleica, FROLICSOMENESS, n.s. fro. Gay; full of FROLICSOMLY, adv. levity and of wild pranks; a flight of whim and wild joyousness. And, for more joy, that captive lady faire, The faire Pœana, he enlarged free, And by the rest did set in sumptuous chaire To feast and frolicke; nathemore would she Shew gladsome countenance nor pleasant glee. Spenser's Facrie Queene. We fairies, that do run By the triple Hecate's team, From the presence of the sun, Following darkness like a dream, Now are frolick. Shakspeare. Whether, as some sages sing, The frolick wind that breathes the Spring, Zephyr with Aurora playing, As he met her once a Maying; There on beds of violets blue, And fresh-blown roses washed in dew, Filled her with thee a daughter fair, So buxom, blithe, and debonnair. Who ripe, and frolick of his full-grown age, Roving the Celtic and Iberian fields, Milton. Then to her new love let her go, And deck her in golden array; Rowe. Be finest at every fine show, And frolick it all the long day. have heard of some very merry fellows, among whom the frolic was started, and passed by a great majority, that every man should immediately draw a tooth. Stcele. Alcibiades, having been formerly noted for the like frolicks and excursions, was immediately accused Swift. of this. While rain depends, the pensive cat gives o'er Her frolicks, and pursues her tail no more. Id. From morn till night, from night till startled morn, Peeps blushing on the Revel's laughing crew, The song is heard, the rosy garland worn, Devices quaint, and frolicks ever new, Tread on each other's kibes. Byron. Childe Harold. FROM, prep. Sax. and Scott. Ƒɲam. Of this monosyllable, Dr. Johnson has given no fewer than twenty meanings, and to these he has added twenty-two other manners of using it, accompanying each with instances sufficiently numerous as proofs; yet in all his instances from continues, says Tooke (in his Diversions of Purley), to retain invariably one and the same single meaning. See the following quotation. Proceeding on the basis of Dr. Johnson's dictionary,' we give his entire article; but must here again advertise the reader that we consider Mr. Tooke to have demonstrated the utter fallacy of his numerous distinctions. Mr. Tooke first notices Mr. Harris's view of what he considers the three different relations of this word, the two last of which are in absolute contradiction to each other. He then adduces the following illustrations of these different relations:-FROM,' he says, 'denotes the detached relation of body; as when we say-these figs came FROM Turkey. So as to motion and rest, only with this difference, that here the preposition varies its character with the verb; thus if we say, that lamp hangs FROM the ceiling, the preposition from assumes a character of quiescence; but if we say, that lamp is falling FROM the ceiling, the preposition in such case assumes a character of motion.' And to the whole he thus replies:- I take the word from to have as clear, precise, and at all times, as uniform and unequivocal meaning as any word in the language. FROM means merely beginning and nothing else. It is simply the Anglo-Saxon and Gothic noun rnum, ERNM, beginning, origin, source, fountain, author. Now then, if you please, we will apply this meaning to Mr. Harris's formidable instances, and try whether we cannot make FROM speak clearly for itself, without the assistance of the interpreting verbs; which are supposed by Mr. Harris, to vary its character at will, and make the preposition appear as inconsistent and contradictory as himself. Hangs is a complex term for a species of attachment. Have we occasion to communicate or mention the COMMENCEMENT OF BEGINNING of these motions and of this attachment; and the place where these motions and this attachment commence or begin? It is impossible to have comWhat plex terms for each occasion of this sort. more natural then, or more simple, than to add the signs of those ideas, viz. the word BEGINNING (which will remain always the same), and the name of the place (which will perpetually vary)? |