Had you rather Cæsar were living, and die all slaves, than that Cæsar were dead, to live all freeShakspeare. men? He made us freemen of the continent, What nature did like captives treat before. Dryden. ing in this manner in an hour, as an equal number of our people do in a day or two. Though this stone is as soft as dry clay when first taken up, it is found to harden so considerably in the air, that it becomes more than equal to our ordinary freestone. The Portland stone of the finest kind, which is white, and of a close grit, is very fit for hewing and carving; but it will neither resist water nor fire; while the free-stone of Kent, which is less beautiful to the eye, and is of a grayish color, and considerably close, though of a larger grain, resists the air and water very well. The freestone of Derbyshire, on the other hand, FREEMINDED, adj. Free and mind. Un- is so brittle as to be unfit for any fine working; perplexed; without load of care. If to break loose from the conduct of reason, and to want that restraint of examination and judgment which keeps us from chusing or doing the worst, be liberty, true liberty, madmen and fools are the only freemen. Locke. What this union was is expressed in the preceding verse, by their both having been made freemen on the same day. Addison. To be freeminded, and cheerfully disposed at hours of meat, sleep, and exercise, is one of the best precepts of long lasting. Bacon. FREESCHO'OL, n. s. Free and school. A school in which learning is given without pay. To give a civil education to the youth of this land in the time to come, provision was made by another law, that there should be one freeschool at least erected in every diocese. Davies. Two clergymen stood candidates for a small freeschool; a gentleman who happened to have a better understanding than his neighbours, procured the place for him who was the better scholar. Swift. FREESPO'KEN, adj. Free and spoken. Accustomed to speak without reserve. emperor Nerva one night supped privately with some six or seven; amongst whom there was one that was a dangerous man, and began to take the like courses as Marcellas and Regulus had done: the fell into discourse of the injustice and tyranny of the former time, and, by name, of the two accusers; and said, What should we do with them, if we had them now? One of them that was at supper, and was a freespoken senator, said, Marry, they should sup with Bacon. us. FREESTONE is a whitish stone, dug up in many parts of Britain, that works like alabaster, but is more hard and durable; being of great use in building, &c. It is a species of the grit stone, but finer grained, and smoother. The qualities of the several kinds of freestones used in the different parts of Europe vary much. They all agree in this general property indeed, that they are softer while in the quarry, than when they have been some time exposed to the air but even this general property differs greatly in degree. They have a sort of gray freestone in use in Paris (of which we have not yet met with any in this country), which has the above mentioned quality in so great a degree, that the expense of working it is in a great measure saved. This stone lies every where on the south side of the river Seine, and is of a coarse and large grit. It is so soft, when newly taken out of the strata, that they fashion it very conveniently with a sort of broad axe, and form as many stones for build and so coarse and open in its texture, that it lets water through; yet it bears the fire extremely well, and is fit for ovens, hearths, &c. FREETHINKER, n. s. Free and think. A libertine; a contemner of religion. Atheist is an old-fashioned word; I'm a freethinker, child. Addison. Of what use is freedom of thought, if it will not produce freedom of action, which is the sole end, how remote soever in appearance, of all objections against it as an edifice, wherein all the parts have such a Christianity? And therefore the freethinkers consider mutual dependence on each other, that if you pull out one single nail, the whole fabrick must fall to the ground. Swift. FREETHINKER. See DEISM and DEIST. FREEWI'LL, n. s. Free and will. The power of directing our own actions without restraint by necessity or fate; voluntariness; spontaneity. I make a decree, that all they of the people of Israel in my realm, which are minded of their own freewill to go up to Jerusalem, go with thee. Esra vii. 13. We have a power to suspend the prosecution of this or that desire; this seems to me the source of all liberty; in this seems to consist that which is improperly called freewill. Locke. islands in the east of the Indian Ocean, disFREEWILL ISLANDS, three small and low them Pegan, Onata, and Onella. They are covered by Carteret in 1767. The natives called almost entirely surrounded by a reef, except towards the east, where there is a narrow passage through which a canoe can pass. Onata and Onella lie nearly in a direction east and west, and Pegan is about two miles to the north of them. The inhabitants are friendly, and readily exchanged with captain Carteret some cocoanuts for small pieces of iron, which they much value. They set a high value on iron, so that for some iron tools captain Carteret thought that they might have purchased every thing upon the island. They are tall copper Indians, with long black hair, and small beards, which they pluck by the roots from their chin and upperlip. Their features are pleasing, and their teeth good. They are remarkably agile and vigorous in their movements. On their waist they wear a fine matting covering. Their canoes are well constructed, and planked at the sides; with a sail of matting, an outrigger, and ropes and netting. One of the inhabitants insisting on remaining with the ship's crew, was named Joseph Freewill; from whom they learned that there were other islands northward, whose inhabitants had iron, and who always killed his countrymen. The islands are in long. 137° 51′ E., lat. 0° 50' S. FREEWO'MAN, n. s. woman not enslaved. Free and woman. A All her ornaments are taken away of a freewoman; she is become a bond slave. 1 Mac. ii. 11. FREEZE, v. n. & v. a. Belg. vriesen; Teut. freisen; pret. froze; part. frozen or froze. To be congealed with cold; to be of that degree of cold by which water is congealed; to congeal with cold; to kill by cold; to chill by the loss of power or motion. And now, though on the sun I drive, Whose fervent flame all things decays; His beans in brightness may not strive With light of your sweet golden rays; Nor from my breast his heat remove, The frozen thoughts graven by love. Earl of Surrey. ice is specifically lighter than water, and floats upon it. Water also loses of its weight by freezing, being found lighter after it is thawed than before it was frozen. And it even evaporates nearly as fast while frozen, as while it is fluid. Water which has been boiled freezes more readily than that which has not been boiled; and a slight disturbance of the fluid disposes it to freeze more speedily; having sometimes been cooled several degrees below the freezing point, without congealing when kept quite still, but suddenly freezing into ice on the least motion or disturbance. Water, covered over with a surface of oil of olives, does not freeze so readily as without it; and nut oil absolutely preserves it under a strong frost, when olive oil would not, Rectified spirit of wine, nut oil, and oil of turpentine, seldom freeze. The surface of water, in freezing, appears all wrinkled; the wrinkles being sometimes in parallel lines, and sometimes like rays, proceeding from a centre to the circumference. Fluids standing in a current of air grow much colder than before. Fahrenheit had long ago observed, that a pond, which stands quite calm, often acquires a degree of cold much beyond what is sufficient for freezing, and yet no congelation ensued: but if a slight breath of air happens in such a case to brush over the surface of the water, it freezes the whole in an instant. It has also been discovered, that all substances grow colder by the evaporation of the fluids which they contain, or with which they are mixed. If both these methods, therefore, be practised upon the same body at the same time, they will increase the cold to almost any degree of intenseness we please. Although cold, in general, contracts most bodies, and heat expands them, yet there are some instances to the contrary, especially in the extreme cases or states of these qualities of bodies. Thus, though iron, in common with other bodies, expands with heat, yet, when melted, it is always found to expand in cooling again. Thus also, though water expands gradually as it is heated, and contracts as it cools, yet in the act of freezing it suddenly expands again, and that with an enormous force, capable of rending rocks, or bursting the very thick shells of metal, &c. A computation of the force of freezing water was made by the Florentine Academicians, from the bursting of a in it; when, from the known thickness and tenavery strong brass globe or shell by freezing water city of the metal, it was found that the expansive power of a spherule of water, only one inch in diameter, was sufficient to overcome a resistance of more than 27,000 pounds, or thirteen tons and a half. See the experiments on bursting thick bomb-shells, by freezing water in them, by major Edward Williams of the royal artillery, in the Edin. Philos. Trans. vol. 2. Such a prodigious power of expansion, almost double that of the most powerful steam-engines, and exerted in so small a mass, seemingly by the force of cold, was thought a very material argument in favor of those who supposed that cold, like heat, is a positive substance. Dr. Black's discovery of latent heat, however, has afforded an easy and natural explication of this phenomenon. He has shown that, in the act of congelation, water is not cooled more than it was before, but rather grows warmer: that as much heat is discharged and passes from a latent to a sensible state, as, had it been applied to water in its fluid state, would have heated it to 135°. In this process, the expansion is occasioned by a great number of minute bubbles suddenly produced. Formerly these were supposed to be cold in the abstract; and to be so subtile, that, insinuating themselves into the substance of the fluid, they augmented its bulk, at the same time that, by impeding the motion of its particles upon each other, they changed it from a fluid to a solid. But Dr. Black shows, that these are only air extricated during the congelation; and to the extrication of this air he ascribes the prodigious expansive force exerted by freezing water. The only question, therefore, is, by what means this air comes to be extricated, and to take up more room than it naturally does in the fluid? To this it may be answered, that perhaps part of the heat, which is discharged from the freezing water, combines with the air in its unelastic state, and, by restoring its elasticity, gives it that extraordinary force; as is seen also in the case of air suddenly extricated in the explosion of gun-powder. The degree of expansion of water, in the state of ice, is by some authors computed at about one-tenth of its volume. Oil and quicksilver shrink and contract after freezing. 'If a vessel of water,' says Mr. Cavendish, 'with a thermometer in it, be exposed to the cold, the thermometer will sink several degrees below the freezing point, especially if the water be covered up so as to be defended from the wind, and care taken not to agitate it; and then on dropping in a bit of ice, or on mere agitation, spicule of ice shoot suddenly through the water, and the enclosed thermometer rises quickly to the freezing point, where it remains stationary.' In a note, he adds, 'that though, in conformity to the common opinion, he has allowed that mere agitation may set the water a freezing, yet some experiments made by Dr. Blagden seem to show, that it has not much, if any, effect of that kind, otherwise than by bringing the water in contact with some substance colder than itself. Though in general also the ice shoots rapidly, and the enclosed thermometer is raised very quickly; yet ne once observed it to rise very slowly, taking up not less than half a minute, before it ascended to the freezing point; but in this experiment the water was cooled not more than one or two degrees below freezing; and it should seem, that the more the water is cooled below the freezing point, the more rapidly the ice shoots and the enclosed thermometer rises.' Mr. Cavendish then observes, that from the foregoing experiments we learn, that water is capable of being cooled considerably below the freezing point, without any congelation taking place; and that, as soon as by any means a small part of it is made to freeze, the ice spreads rapidly through the whole of the water. The cause of this rise of the thermometer is, that all or almost all bodies, by changing from a fluid to a solid state, or from the state of an elastic to that of an unelastic fluid, generate heat; and that cold is produced by the contrary process. Thus all the circumstances of the phenomenon may be perfectly well explained; for, as soon as any part of the water freezes, heat will be generated thereby, in consequence of the above-mentioned law, so that the newly formed ice and remaining water will be warmed, and must continue to receive heat by the freezing of fresh portions of water, till it is heated exactly to the freezing point, unless the water could become quite solid before a sufficient quantity of heat was generated to raise it to that point, which is not the case; and it is evident, that it cannot be heated above the freezing point; for as soon as it comes thereto, no more water will freeze, and consequently no more heat will be generated. The reason why the ice spreads all over the water, instead of forming a solid lump in one part, is, that, as soon as any small portion of ice is formed, the water in contact with it will be so much warmed as to be prevented from freezing, but the water at a little distance from it will still be below the freezing point, and will consequently begin to freeze. Were it not for this generation of heat, the whole of any quantity of water would freeze as soon as the process of congelation began; and in like manner the cold is generated by the melting of ice; which is the cause of the long time required to thaw ice and snow. It was formerly found that, by adding snow to warm water, and stirring it about until all was melted, the water was as much cooled as it would have been by the addition of the same quantity of water rather more than 150° colder than the snow; or, in other words, somewhat more than 150° of cold are generated by the thawing of the snow; and there is great reason to believe that just as much heat is produced by the freezing of water. The cold generated in the experiment just mentioned was the same whether ice or snow was used.' FREEZING POINT denotes the point or degree of cold, by a mercurial thermometer, at which certain fluids begin to freeze, or, when frozen, at which they begin to thaw again. See CHE MISTRY. Had FREEZING RAIN, or raining ice, a very uncommon kind of shower, which fell in the west of England, in December 1672, of which we have several accounts in the Philosophical Transactions. This rain, as soon as it touched any thing above ground, as a bough or the like, immediately settled into ice; and, by multiplying and enlarging the icicles, broke all down with its weight. The rain that fell on the snow immediately froze into ice, without sinking into the snow at all. It made an incredible destruction of trees, beyond any thing in all history. it concluded with some gust of wind,' says a gentleman who was on the spot, it might have been of terrible consequence. I weighed the sprig of an ash tree, of just three quarters of a pound, the ice on which weighed sixteen pounds. Some were frighted with the noise in the air; till they discerned it was the clatter of icy boughs dashed against each other.' Dr. Beale observes, that there was no considerable frost observed on the ground during the whole; whence he concludes, that a frost may be very intense and dangerous on the tops of some hills and plains; while in other places it keeps at two, three, or four feet distant above the ground, rivers, lakes, &c., and may wander about very furious in some places, and remiss in others not far off. The frost was followed by glowing heats, and an unusual forwardness of flowers and fruits. FREIGHT, v. a. & n. s. Fr. fretter; pret. FREIGHTER, n. s. freighted; particip. fraught; which being now used as an adjective, freighted is adopted. To load a ship or vessel of carriage with goods for transportation; to load as the burden to be the thing with which a vessel is freighted; any thing with which a ship is loaded; the money due for transportation of goods; he who freights a vessel. FREIGHT, in commerce, is the money paid for carriage of goods by sea; or the price paid for the use of a ship to transport goods. Ships are freighted either by the ton, or by the great: and, in respect of time, the freight is agreed for, at so much per month, or at a certain sum for the whole voyage. If a ship freighted by the great, happens to be cast away, the freight is lost; but if a merchant agrees by the ton, or at so much for every piece of commodities, and by any accident the ship is cast away, if part of the goods is saved, she ought to be answered her freight pro rata. The freight is most frequently determined for the whole voyage, without respect to time. Sometimes it depends on the time. In the former case, it is either fixed at a certain sum for the whole cargo; or at so much per ton, barrel-bulk, or other weight or measure; or so much per cent. on the value of the cargo. This last is common on goods sent to America; and the invoices are produced to ascertain the value. The burden of the ship is generally mentioned in the contract, in this manner, one hundred tons, or thereby; and the number mentioned ought not to differ above five tons, at most, from the exact measure. If a certain sum be agreed on for the freight of the ship, it must all be paid, although the ship, when measured, should prove less, unless the burden be warranted. If the ship be freighted for transporting cattle, or slaves, at so much a head, and some of them die on the passage, freight is only due for such as are delivered alive; but, if for lading them, it is due for all that were put on board. When a whole ship is freighted, if the master suffers any other goods besides those of the freighter to be put on board, he is liable for damages. It is common to mention the number of days that the ship shall continue at each port to load or unload. The expression used is work weather days; to signify, that Sundays, holidays, and days when the weather stops the work, are not reckoned. If the ship be detained longer, a daily allowance is often agreed on, in name of demurrage. If the voyage be completed in terms of the agreement, without any misfortune, the master has a right to demand payment of the freight before he delivers the goods. But if the safe delivery be prevented by any fault or accident, the parties are liable, according to the following rules. If the merchant do not load the ship within the time agreed on, the master may engage with another, and recover damages. If the merchant load the ship, and recal it after it has set sail, he must pay the whole freight; but if he unload it before it sets sail, he is liable for damages only. If a merchant loads goods which it is not lawful to export, and the ship be prevented from proceeding on that account, he must pay the freight notwithstanding. If the shipmaster be not ready to proceed on the voyage at the time agreed on, the merchant may load the whole, or part of the cargo, on board another ship, and recover damages; but chance, or notorious accident, by the marine law, releases the master from damages. If an embargo be laid on the ship before it sails, the charter-party is dissolved, and the merchant pays the expense of loading and unloading; but if the embargo be only for a short limited time, the voyage shall be performed when it expires, and neither party is liable for damages. If the shipmaster sails to any other port than that agreed on, without necessity, he is liable for damages; if, through necessity, he must sail to the port agreed on at his own expense. If a ship be taken by the enemy, and retaken, or ransomed, the charter-party continues in force. master transfer the goods from his own ship to another, without necessity, and they perish, he is liable for the value; but if his own ship be in imminent danger, the goods may be put on board another ship at the risk of the owner. If a ship be freighted out and home, and a sum agreed on for the whole voyage, nothing is due till it return: and the whole is lost if the ship be lost on the return. If a certain sum be specified for the homeward voyage, it is due, although the factor abroad should have no goods to send home. In the case of a ship freighted to Madeira, Carolina, and home, a particular freight fixed for the homeward voyage, and an option reserved for the factor at Carolina to decline it, unless the ship arrived before 1st of March; the ship-master, foreseeing he could not arrive there within that time, and might be disappointed of a freight, did not go there at all. He was found liable in damages, as the obligation was absolute on his part, and conditiona. only on the other. If the goods be damaged without fault of the ship or master, the owner is not obliged to receive them and pay freight, but If the he must either receive the whole, or abandon the whole; he cannot choose those that are in best order, and reject the, others. If the goods be damaged through the insufficiency of the ship, the master is liable; but, if it be owing to stress of weather, he is not accountable. It is customary for shipmasters, when they suspect damage, to take a protest against wind and weather at their arrival. But as this is the declaration of a party, it does not bear credit, unless supported by collateral circumstances. If part of the goods be thrown over-board, or taken by the enemy, the part delivered pays freight. The ship-master is accountable for all the goods received on board, by himself or mariners, unless they perish by the act of God, or of the king's enemies. Ship-masters are not liable for leakage on liquors; nor accountable for the contents of packages, unless packed and delivered in their presence. FREGOSO (Baptist), doge of Venice, A. D. 1478, was author of several works: as, 1. The Life of Pope Martin V.; 2. A Treatise on Learned Ladies, in Latin: 3. On Memorable Actions; and 4. Against Love, both in Italian. He was deposed for arbitrary conduct, and banished. FREHER (Marquard), a learned German author, born at Augsburg in 1705. He studied under Cujacius in France, and in his twentythird year was made professor-at-law, at Heidelburg. He was afterwards made vice-president of court, by Frederic IV. elector palatine, who sent him to other courts as his ambassador. He wrote many works on antiquities, law, and history, though he died in 1614, aged only forty nine. FREIGIUS (John Thomas), a learned German, born at Fribourg, in the sixteenth century. He studied under Zasius and Remus, and was made rector of the College at Altorf in 1575. He died at Basil in 1583. He wrote, 1. Questiones Geometricæ et Stereometrica; 2. Logica Consultorum; 3. A Latin Translation of Frobisher's Voyages; 4. Notes, Historical and Political, &c., on Cicero's Orations. FREIMERSHEIM, a town of France, in the department of Mont Tonnerre, late of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, taken by the French in 1794. It is four miles N.N. E. of Landau FREIND (John), a learned English physician and author, born at Croton, in Northamptonshire, in 1675. In 1696 ne published, in conjunction with Mr. P. Foulkes, an edition of two Greek orations, viz. of Aschines against Ctesiphon, and Demosthenes de Coronâ, with a new Latin version. In 1699 he wrote a letter to Dr. Sloane concerning a case of hydrocephalus, published in the Philosophical Transactions, and another letter in Latin to the same gentleman, De Spasmi Rarioris Historia, printed in the same Transactions. In 1703 his Emmenologia appeared; which gained him great reputation. In 1704 he was chosen professor of chemistry in the university of Oxford. In 1705 he attended the earl of Peterborough to Spain, as physician to the army there; and upon his return, in 1707, published an account of the earl's expedition. In 1709 he published his Chemical Lectures. In 1712 he attended the duke of Ormond in Flanders, as his physician. In 1716 he was admitted a fellow of the college of physicians in London. The same year he published the first and third books of Hippocrates De Morbis Popularibus, with a Commentary on Fevers, written by himself. He sat M. P. for Launceston in Cornwall in 1722, where he distinguished himself by his opposition to the ministry. In March, 1722, he was committed to the tower on suspicion of being concerned in Atterbury's Plot, but was soon released on bail. While he was under confinement he wrote a Latin epistle to Dr. Mead, De Quibusdam Variorum Generibus; and began his History of Physic, the first part of which was published in 1725, and the second in 1726. Upon the accession of George II. he was appointed physician to the queen, who showed the utmost esteem for him. He died in London in 1728. His works were published together in Latin, folio, 1733, and dedicated to the queen. FREINSHEMIUS (John), a learned and elegant author, born at Ulm in 1608. He published supplements to Livy, Tacitus, and Quintus Curtius, in sixty books, printed at Strasburg in 1664. He wrote likewise Notes upon Quintus Curtius, Florus, Tacitus, and some other Latin .classics; and died in 1660. He was professor at Upsal and Heidelburg. FREISCHBACH, a town of France, in the department of Mont Tonnerre, late of Germany, in tne palatinate of the Rhine, taken by the French in 1794. It is six miles E. N. E. of Landau. FREJUS, the Forum Julii of ancient history, is a small town on the coast of Provence, France, situated amidst marshes on the river Argens. Its harbour has long been dry, the sea having retired nearly sixteen miles, but anchorage is found in the roadstead; and here are vestiges of an amphitheatre and of a large aqueduct. Frejus was the birth place of Agricola, but is more noted for being, in modern times, the place where Buonaparte landed on his return from Egypt in 1799, and on his more celebrated return from Elba in 1815. Population 2200. Thirty miles south-west of Nice, and forty north-east of Toulon. FREN, n. s. A stranger; an old word wholly forgotten here, but retained in Scotland. But now from me his madding mind is start, And wooes the widow's daughter of the glen; And now fair Rosalind hath bred his smart, So now his friend is changed for a fren. Spenser, FRENCH, in geography, a river of the United States, in Massachusetts, which rises from a pond in Worcester county, and runs into the Quinebauge in Connecticut; so named from the French Protestants, who settled on its banks, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantz, in 1685. FRENCH BROAD, a navigable river of Tennesse, from 400 to 500 yards broad, formed by several head waters that rise in North Carolina, on the south-east of the Great Iron and Bald Mountains. After running fifty-six miles north-west between |