There is not any one action whatsoever which a man ought to do, or to forbear, but the Scripture will give him a clear precept or prohibition for it.

South. This may convince us how vastly greater a pleasure is consequent upon the forbearance of sin, than can possibly accompany the commission of it.

Id.

Nor do I take notice of this instance of severity in our own country to justify such a proceeding, but only to display the mildness and forbearance made use of under the reign of his present majesty. Addison's Freeholder.

Who can forbear to admire and adore him who weighed the mountains in scales, and the hills in a balance. Cheyne.

FORBES (Duncan), Esq. of Culloden, an eminent Scots lawyer and judge, born in 1685. By the advice of his friends he early applied himself to the civil law; in which he made a quick progress, and in 1709 was admitted an advocate. From 1722 to 1737 he represented the boroughs of Inverness, &c. In 1725 he was made king's advocate; and in 1737 Lord President. In 1744 and 1745 he espoused the royal cause, and almost ruined his private fortune; but government did not make him the smallest recompense. He was well versed in the Hebrew language; and wrote some treatises concerning natural and revealed religion. He died in 1747, in the sixty-second year of his age; and his works have since been published in 2 vols. 8vo. FORBES (Patrick), bishop of Aberdeen, was born in 1654, when the affairs of the church of Scotland were in much confusion; to the settlement of which he greatly contributed. As chancellor of the university of Aberdeen, he improved that seat of learning by repairing the fabric, augmenting the library, and reviving the professorships. He published a Commentary on the Revelations, at London, 1613; and died in 1635.

FORBES (John), the son of Patrick, also bishop

life, he never lost sight of those literary pursuits which early association had endeared to him, and which relieved the pressure of his more serious avocations, and lent a distinguished grace to his character. Si W. Forbes was one of the earliest members of the celebrated literary club which boasted amongst its illustrious associates the names of Johnson, Reynolds, Garrick, and Burke. The literary leisure of his latter days was devoted to the drawing up an account of the life and writings of his friend Dr. Beattie, which was published in 2 vols. 4to. 1806. He died at his seat near Edinburgh in 1806, in the sixty-eighth year of his age.

FORBES (James), an accomplished modern writer, was born in London in 1749, and early sent out by the East India Company to Bombay as a cadet. While in India he traversed various parts of that continent, making observations and forming drawings of every thing worthy of notice. He returned to England with an ample fortune in 1784. At the rupture of the peace of Amiens, he was detained with the other English visitors in France, but obtained his release after a stay of a few months, at the request of the National Institute. He died at Aix-la-Chapelle, August 1st, 1819. Mr. Forbes was the author of Letters from France, 2 vols. 8vo. Reflections on the Character of the Hindoos, 8vo. and Oriental Memoirs, 4 vols. 4to. splendidly illustrated with nearly 100 plates.

FORBID', v. a. & v. n. Pret. I forbade; FORBID DANCE, n. s. part. forbidden or forFORBIDDINGLY, adv. bid. Saxon, ForbeoFORBIDDER, n. s. San; Gothic, forbu FORBIDDING, part. adj.) da; Dut. verbieden. To prohibit; to interdict any thing; to command to forbear any thing; to oppose; to hinder: to accurse, to blast; in this sense obsolete: to utter a prohibition. Forbiddance signifies an edict against any thing: to do any thing forbiddingly is to do it in an unlawful manner. Forbidding, the participial adjective, is used to signify raising abhorrence, repelling approach; causing

aversion.

His

FORBES (William), born in 1585, was the first bishop of Edinburgh. His ill health and the anti-episcopal disposition of the Scots, confined him chiefly to a retired life: and he died three months after his consecration in 1634.

FORBES (Sir William), was born in 1739 at Pitsligo, in Scotland. Born to the inheritance of an ample fortune, he early devoted himself to the promotion of the commercial interests of his country, and was, in conjunction with the late Sir James Hunter Blair, the founder of the well known banking establishment at Edinburgh which bears their name. In his youth he had devoted much of his time to the study of literature; and, during the course of his long

Chaucer. The Persones Tale.

Trouth is a thing that I wol ever kepe
Unto the day in whiche that I shal crepe
Into my grave, and elles God forbede:
Beliveth this as siker as your crede.

Id. The Chanones Yemannes Tale.
Ere long to him a homely groome there came,
That in rude wise him asked what he wos,
That durst so boldly, without let or shame,
Into his lords forbidden hall to passe.

Spenser's Faerie Queene.
Now the good gods forbid,
That our renowned Rome
Should now eat up her own!

Shakspeare. Coriolanus.

Sleep shall neither night nor day

Hang upon his penthouse lid;

He shall live a man forbid. Id. Macbeth.

A witch, a quean, an old cozening quean; have I not forbid her my house? Shakspeare.

With all confidence he swears, as he had seen't, That you have touched his queen forbiddenly. Id

The chaste and holy race

Sidney.

re all forbidden this polluted place. Dryden's Eneid. Tragedy was made forbidding and horrible. A. Hill.

We left our hero and third heroine in A kind of state more awkward than uncommon; For gentlemen must sometimes risk their skin For that sad tempter, a forbidden woman. Byron. FORCADO Rio, a river of Waree, in Africa, said to rise from a source far inland, and to have a winding course. It is about two English

miles broad, but so shallow as not to be navigable for vessels of more than seven or eight feet water. Its banks are covered with trees, and produce a species of colored stones. The Portuguese carry on a trade here in slaves. Lat. 6° N.

FORCE, n. s. & v. a. FORCES, n. s. plu. FORC'EDLY, adv. FORCEFUL, adj. FORCE FULLY, adv. FORCE'LESS, adj.

FOR CER, n. s.

FOR CIBLE, adj.

FOR CIBLENESS, n.s.
FOR CIBLY, adv.

Fr. force; Lat. fortis. Literally it signifies the exertion of strength: it is however applied to persons, words, and things, in a variety of senses, all of them, however, to be easily resolved into the primary meaning. Force is power in action, either physical, mechanical, legal, military, moral, or literary. To force is to compel; to overpower; to impel.-In the active sense it also signifies to lay stress upon. Dr. Johnson says this word he only found in the passage quoted below from Camden's Remains. Thou shalt not destroy the trees by forcing an ax against them. Deuteronomy xx. 19.

How forcible are right words!
A testament is of force after men are dead.

Job.

Hebrews ix.

For certes, by no force, ne by no mede, Him thought he wos not able for to spede, For she was strong of frendes.

Chaucer. The Doctoures Tale.

I can not se ne why ne how,
That he hath trespossed again you,
Save that he loveth, wherefore ye shold
The more in charite of him hold;
The force of Love maketh him doe this;
Who would him blame, he did amis.

Chaucer. Romaunt of the Rose.

He himself with greedy great desire Into the castle entered forcibly. Faerie Queene. Manifest it is, that the very majesty and holiness of the place where God is worshipped, hath, in regard of us, great virtue, force, and efficacy; for that it serveth as a sensible help to stir up devotion.

Hooker.

He never could maintain his part but in the force of his will. Shakspeare. Much Ado about Nothing.

Teach him to range the ditch and force the brake. Gay's Rural Sports. The heat of the dispute had forced out from Luther expressions that seemed to make his doctrine run higher than really it did. Atterbury.

He poised in air, the javelin sent, Through Paris' shield the forceful weapon went. Pope.

What tender force, what dignity divine, What virtue consecrating every feature; Around that neck what dross are gold and pearl! Young's Busiris. But when the day had his meridian run, Between his highest throne and low declining, Thirsil again his forced task begun, His wonted audience his sides entwining.

Fletcher's Purple Island. With what force, my Lord, with what protection are you prepared to meet the united detestation of the people of England.

Junius.

All philosophy is only forcing the trade of happiness, when nature seems to deny the means.

Goldsmith.

There the vast mill-stone with inebriate whirl On trembling floors his forceful fingers twirl, Whose flinty teeth the golden harvests grind, Feast without blood! and nourish human-kind.

Darwin.

He stumbled on to try if he could find
A path to add his own slight arm and forces,
To corps the greatest part of which were corses.

Byron. FORCE, in philosophy, denotes the cause of the change in the state of a body, when being at rest, it begins to move, or has a motion which is either not uniform or not direct. While a body remains in the same state, either of rest or of uniform and rectilinear motion, the cause of its remaining in such a state is in the nature of the body, and it cannot be said that any extrinsic force has acted on it. This internal cause or principle is called Inertia. Mechanical forces may be reduced to two sorts; one of a body at rest, the other of a body in motion. The force of a body at rest, is that which we conceive to be in a body lying still, on a table, or hanging by a rope, or supported by a spring, &c., and this is called by the names of pressure, tension, force, or vis mortua, solicitatio, conatus movendi, conamen, &c. To this class also of forces we must refer centripetal and centrifugal forces, though they reside in a body in motion; because these forces are homogeneous to weights, pressures, or tensions of any kind. The force of a body in motion is a power residing in that body so long as it continues its motion; by

means of which it is able to remove obstacles lying in its way; to lessen, destroy, or overcome the force of any other moving body, which meets it in an opposite direction; or to surmount any dead pressure or resistance, as tension, gravity, friction, &c., for some time; but which will be lessened or destroyed by such resistance as lessens or destroys the motion of the body. This is called vis motrix, moving force, and by some late writers vis viva, to distinguish it from the vis mortua spoken of before; and by these appellations, however different, the same thing is understood by all mathematicians, viz. that power of displacing, of withstanding opposite moving forces, or of overcoming any dead resistance, which resides in a moving body, and which, in whole or in part, continues to accompany it, so long as the body moves. See MECHA

NICS.

FORCE, COMPARATIVE, OF MEN and Horses. There are several curious as well as useful observations in Desagulier's Experimental Philosophy, concerning the comparative forces of men and horses, and the best way of applying them. A horse draws with the greatest advantage when the line of direction is level with his breast; in such a situation, he is able to draw 200 pounds eight hours a day, walking about two miles and a half, an hour. And if the saine horse is made to draw 240 pounds he can work but six hours a day, and cannot go quite so fast. On a carriage, indeed, where friction alone is to be overcome, a middling horse will draw 1000 pounds. But the best way to try a horse's force a single pulley or roller; and in such a case, is by making him draw up out of a well, over one horse with another will draw 200 pounds. Five men are found to be equal in strength to one horse, and can, with as much ease, push round the horizontal beam of a mill, in a walk forty feet wide; whereas three men will do it in a walk only nineteen feet wide. The worst way of applying the force of a horse, is to make him carry or draw up hill; for if the hill be steep, three men will do more than a horse, each man climbing up faster with a burden of 100 pounds weight, than a horse that is loaded with 300 pounds, a difference which is owing to the position of the parts of the human body being better adapted to climb than those of a horse. On the other hand, the best way of applying the force of a horse, is in an horizontal direction, wherein a man can exert least force; thus a man, weighing 140 pounds and drawing a boat along by means of a rope coming over his shoulders, cannot draw above twenty-seven pounds, or exert above one-seventh part of the force of a horse employed to the same purpose. The very best and most effectual posture in a man, is that of rowing; wherein he not only acts with more muscles at once for overcoming the resistance, than in any other position; but as he pulls backwards, the weight of his body assists by way of lever. See Desaguliers, Exp. Phil. vol. i. p. 241; where we have several other observations relative to force acquired by certain positions of the body, from which that author accounts for most feats of strength and activity. See also a Memoire on this subject by M. de la Hire, in

Mem. Roy. Acad. Sc. 1629; or in Desaguliers, Exp., &c. p. 267, &c., who has published a translation of part of it with remarks.

FORCE, OF LA FORCE, in geography, a town of France, in the department of Dordogne, six miles west of Bergerac; famed for its trade in cattle, grain, and wine.

FORCE, in law, signifies any unlawful violence offered to things or persons, and is divided into simple and compound.

FORCE, COMPOUND, is where some other violence is committed with such an act as of itself alone is criminal; as if one enters by force into another's house, and there kills a person, or ravishes a woman. There is likewise a force implied in law, as in every trespass, rescue, or disseisin, and an actual force with weapons, number of persons, &c. Any persons may law fully enter a tavern, inn, or victualling house; so may a landlord his tenant's house, to view repairs, &c. But if, in these cases, the person that enters 'commits any violence or force, the law will intend that he entered for that purpose. FORCE, SIMPLE, is what is so committed that it has no other crime attending it; as where a person, by force, enters on another's possession, without committing any other unlawful act.

FORCIBLE DETAINER, in law, is where one by violence withholds the possession of lands, &c., so that the person who has a right of entry is barred, or hindered therefrom.

FORCIBLE ENTRY is a violent and actual entry into houses or lands. At common law, any person that had a right to enter into lands, &c., might retain possession of it by force But this liberty being abused, to the breach of the peace, it was therefore found necessary that the same should be restrained; though, at this day, he who is wrongfully dispossessed of goods may by force retake them. By statute, no persons shall make an entry on any lands or tenements, except where it is given by law, and in a peaceable manner, even though they have title of entry, on pain of imprisonment; and where a forcible entry is committed, justices of peace are authorised to view the place, and enquire of the force by a jury, summoned by the sheriff of the county; and they may cause the tenements, &c., to be restored, and imprison the offenders till they pay a fine. A writ of forcible entry also lies, where a person seised of a freehold is by force put out thereof.

FORCIBLE MARRIAGE, of a woman of estate, is felony. For, by the statute 3 Hen. VII. c. 2., it is enacted, That if any persons shall take away any woman having lands or goods, or that is heir apparent to her ancestor, by force, and against her will, and marry or defile her; the takers, procurers, abettors, and receivers of the woman taken away against her will, and knowing the same, shall be deemed principal felons; but as to procurers and accessories, they are, before the offence be committed, to be excluded the benefit of clergy, by 39 Eliz. c. 9. The indictment on the statute 3 Hen. VII. is expressly to set forth, that the woman taken away had lands or goods, or was heir apparent; and also that she was married or defiled, because no other case is within the statute: and it ought

to allege that the taking was for lucre. It is no excuse that the woman at first was taken away with her own consent: for if she afterwards refuse to continue with the offender, and be forced against her will, she may from that time properly be said to be taken against her will; and it is not material whether a woman so taken away be at last married or defiled with her own consent or not, if she were under force at the time; the offender being in both cases equally within the words of the act. Those persons who, after the fact, received the offender, are bu accessories after the offence, according to the rules of common law; and those that are only privy to the damage, but not parties to the forcible taking away, are not within the act, H. P. C. 119. A man may be indicted for taking away a woman by force in another country; for the continuing of the force in any country, amounts to a forcible taking there. Ibid. Taking away any woman child under the age of sixteen years and unmarried, out of the custody and without the consent of the father or guardian, &c. the offender shall suffer five and imprisonment; end if the woman agrees to any contract of matrimony with such person, she shall forfeit her estate during life, to the next of kin to whom the inheritance should descend, &c. Statute 4. and 5. P. & M. c. 8. This is a force against the parents; and an information will lie for seducing a young man or woman from their parents, against their consents, in order to marry them, &c. See MARRIAGE.

FORCING, in gardening, a method of producing ripe fruits from trees, before their natural season. The method of doing it is this: a wall should be erected ten feet high; a border must be marked out on the south side of it, of about four feet wide, and some stakes must be fastened into the ground, all along the edge of the border; these should be four inches thick. They are intended to rest the glass lights upon, which are to slope backwards to the wall, to shelter the fruit as there shall be occasion: and there must be, at each end, a door to open either way, according as the wind blows. The frame should be made moveable along the wall, that when a tree has been forced one year, the frame may be removed to another, and so on, that the trees may each of them be forced only once in three years, at which rate they will last a long time. They must be always well grown trees that are chosen for forcing; for young ones are soon destroyed, and the fruit that is produced from them is never so well tasted. The dung, before it is put to the wall, should be laid in a heap for five or six days, that it may heat thoroughly; and when thus prepared, it must be laid four feet thick at the base of the wall, and go sloping up till it is two feet thick at the top. It must be laid at least within three or four inches of the top of the wall; and when it sinks, as it will sink two or three feet, more dung must be laid on; for the first heat will do little more than just swell the blossom-buds. The covering the trees with glasses is of great service; but they should be taken off to admit the benefit of gentle showers to the trees, and the doors at the ends should be either left entirely open, or one or both

of them opened. and a mat hung before them, at once to let the air circulate and keep off the frosts. The dung is never to be applied till towards the end of November; and three changes of it will be sufficient to ripen the cherries, which will be very fine in February. As to the apricots, grapes, nectarines, peaches, and plums, if the weather be milder, the glasses are to be opened, to let in sunshine, or gentle showers. If a row or two of scarlet strawberries be planted at the back of the frame, they will ripen in February, or the beginning of March; the vines will blossom in April, and the grapes will be ripe in June. It should be carefully observed, not to place early and late ripening fruits together, because the heat necessary to force the late ones will be of great injury to the early ones after they have fruited. The masculine apricot will be ripe in the beginning of April; the early nectarines will be ripe about the same time; and the forward sort of plums by the end of that month. Gooseberries will have fruit fit for tarts in January or February, and will ripen in March; and currants will have ripe fruit in April. The trees need not be planted so distant at these walls as at others, for they do not shoot so freely as in the open air; nine feet asunder is sufficient. They should be pruned about three weeks before the heat is applied. See HORTICULTURE and HOT HOUSE.

FORCING, in the wine trade, a term used by wine merchants, for the fining down wines, and rendering them fit for immediate draught. The principal inconvenience of the common way of fining down the white wines by isinglass, and the red by whites of eggs, is the slowness of the operation; these ingredients not performing their office in less than a week, or sometimes a fortnight, according as the weather proves favorable, cloudy or clear, windy or calm: this appears to be matter of constant observation. But the wine-merchant frequently requires a method that shall, with certainty, make the wines fit for tasting in a few hours. A method of this kind there is, but it is kept in a few hands as a valuable secret. Perhaps it depends upon a prudent use of a tartarised spirit of wine, and the common forcing, along with gypsum, as the principal; all of which are to be well stirred about in wine, for half an hour before it is suffered to rest.

FORCEPS, n. s. Lat.

Forceps properly signifies a pair of tongs; but is used for an instrument in chirurgery, to extract any thing out of wounds, and the like occasions. Quincy.

FORCEPS, in surgery, &c., is also used for a pair of scissars for cutting off, or dividing, the fleshy membranous parts of the body. See SURGERY.

FOʻRCIPATED, adj. From forceps. Formed like a pair of pincers to open and enclose. The locusts have antennæ, or long horns before, with a long falcation or forcipated tail behind.

Browne.

FORD, n. s. & v. a. I

Sax. Ford, from pa FORD'ABLE, adj. nan, to go, proceed. See FARE. Goth. fiard; Swed. fiord; Welsh fford. A shallow part of a river where it may be passed without swimming. It sometimes signifies the stream; 'the current: to pass without swimming.

Adam's shin-bones must have contained a thou

sand fathom, and much more, if he had forded the ocean. Raleigh's History. Pliny placeth the Schenitæ upon the Euphrates, where the same beginneth to be fordable. Raleigh. Her men the paths rode through made by her sword;

They pass the stream, when she had found the ford.
Fairfax.

Medusa with Gorgonian terror guards
The ford, and of itself the water flies
All taste of living wight.

Milton's Paradise Lost,
Rise, wretched widow! rise; nor undeplored
Permit my ghost to pass the Stygian ford:
But rise, prepared in black to mourn thy perished
lord.
Dryden.

A countryman sounded a river up and down, to try where it was most fordable; and where the water ran too smooth, he found it deepest; and, on the contrary, shallowest where it made most noise.

L'Estrange.

FORD (John), a dramatic writer of considerable elegance, was the second son of a gentleman of Devonshire, where he was born in 1586. He entered in the Middle Temple in 1602, for the purpose of studying law, and, while there, published in 1606 a piece entitled Fame's Memoriall, a species of monody on the earl of Devonshire. In his twenty-first year, having been disappointed by the death of lord Mountjoy, an expected patron, he resolved to travel, but it is doubtful whether he did so, as nothing more is known of him until he printed his first tragedy of the Lover's Melancholy in 1629. But this was not his first play, as a piece of his, entitled A Bad Beginning makes a good Ending, was previously acted at court. He wrote, or assisted to write, at least eleven dramas; and such as were printed appeared from 1629 to 1634. Most of these were his own composition, but some were written in conjunction with Decker, Drayton, Hatherewaye, &c. The date of his death is uncertain, but it is thought that he did not long survive 1639. A writer in the Censura Literaria, has attributed to him an able little manual, entitled A Line of Life pointing to the Immortalitie of a Vertuous Name, 1620, 12mo.

FORD (Sir John), a gentleman of considerable talents as an engineer of the seventeenth century, was the son of Sir John Ford, of Harting, Sussex, where he was born in 1605. He was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, and knighted by Charles I., after serving the office of high-sheriff of Sussex. He afterwards commanded a regiment of horse in the royal cause, and was imprisoned on suspicion of aiding the escape of the king from Hampton Court. He was however soon released by the interest, as it is thought, of Ireton, whose sister he had married, and in 1656 employed himself in several mechanical inventions of importance. With Cromwell's encouragement, and at the request of the citizens of