The bastard-toothed file, as it is technically called, is to take out too deep cuts and file-strokes made by the rough file. The fine-toothed files take out the cuts or file-strokes which the bastard file made, and the smooth file those left by the fine file.

FI'LEMOT, n. s., corrupted from Fr. feueille morte, a dead leaf A brown or yellow-brown

color.

Swift.

The colours you ought to wish for are blue or filemot, turned up with red. FILIAL, adj.

Fr. filial, filiale; Lat. FILIATION, n. s. filius, or filia (à Greek

pa, love). Pertaining to a son or daughter; befitting a child. Filiation is the relation of a child to its parents; a legal order of filiation is a declaration of the justices that a particular party therein named is the father of a child. Why Dr. Johnson should have restricted the application of filial to pertaining to a son,' we cannot understand: filiation he himself defines as correlative to paternity,' generally, while his own extract from Prior proves that it may also be the correlative of maternity,

Where the old myrtle her good influence sheds.' In the modern legal use of filiation also we believe but too many instances occur of its application to both sons and daughters.

And thus the filial godhead answering spoke.

Milton.

From imposition of strict laws, to free Acceptance of large grace; from servile fear To filial; works of law, to works of faith. Id. The relation of paternity and filiation, between the first and second person, and the relation between the sacred persons of the Trinity, and the denomination

thereof, must needs be eternal, because the terms of relation between whom that relation ariseth were eternal. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

My mischievous proceeding may be the glory of his filial piety, the only reward now left for so great a merit. Sidney.

He grieved, he wept, the sight an image brought Of his own filial love, a sadly pleasing thought.

together under the title of Poesie Fosiano di Vincenzo da Filicacia, in 1707, 4to.

FILICES, from filum, a thread, quasi filatim incisa, ferns; one of the seven tribes or families of the vegetable kingdom. See BOTANY. They constitute the first order in the class cryptogamia, and consist of eighteen genera, which are divided into fructificationes spicatæ, frondosæ, et radicales. Lee however says they admit of no certain distinction from their fructification. This order comprehends the entire twenty-sixth class of Tournefort, in whose system the filices make only a single genus, in the first section of this

class.

FILICES also constitute a class or order of

FILIGREE.

plants in the natural method. See BOTANY. FILIGRANE, n. s. ? Lat. filum, a thread, Sand granum, grain. A kind of wire work generally in gold and silver, wrought in the manner of threads or grains. Several filigrane curiosities.

Tatler. FILIGRANE, FILIGREE, or FILLAGREE WORK, from Lat. filum, a thread, and granum, a grain, a kind of enrichment on gold or silver, wrought delicately, in manner of small threads or grains, or both intermixed. It was formerly much more employed than at present, in the manufacture of small articles, which served more for show than for use; such as vases, needlecases, caskets to hold jewels, small boxes, particularly shrines, decorations for the images of saints, and other church furniture. This art, however, is of great antiquity, and seems to have been brought into Europe from the East. Among church furniture we meet with filigree work of the middle ages. The Turks, Armenians, and Indians make at present some master-pieces of this sort, and with tools that are exceedingly coarse and imperfect. There is no manufacture in any part of the world that has been more admired and celebrated, than the fine gold and silver filigree of Sumatra. The surprising delicacy of this work is the more extraordinary as the tools are rudely and inartificially formed by the pandi, or goldsmith, from any old iron he can pick up. When you engage one of them to execute a piece of work, his first request is usually for a piece of iron hoop, to make his wiredrawing instrument; an old hammer-head, stuck in a block, serves for an anvil, and a pair of compasses is often composed of two old nails tied together at one end. The gold is melted in a piece of preeoo, or earthen rice pot, or sometimes in a crucible of their own make, of ordinary clay. In general they use no bellows, but blow the fire with their mouths, through a joint of bamboo; and, if the quantity of metal to be melted is considerable, three or four persons sit round their furnace, which is an old broken quallee or iron pot, and blow together. Padang alone, where the manufacture is more considerable, they have adopted the Chinese bellows. Their method of drawing the wire differs little from that used by Europeans. When drawn to a sufficient fineness, they flatten it by beating it on their anvil; and, when flattened, they give it a twist like that in the whalebone handle of a punch-ladle, by rubbing it on a

At

block of wood with a flat stick. After twisting they again beat it on the anvil, and, by these means, it becomes flat wire with indented edges. With a pair of nippers they fold down the end of the wire, and thus form a leaf, or element of a flower in their work, which is cut off. The end is again folded and cut off, till they have got a sufficient number of leaves, which are laid on singly. Patterns of the flowers or foliage, in which there is not very much variety, are prepared on paper, of the size of the gold plate on which the filigree is to be laid. According to this, they begin to dispose on the plate the larger compartments of the foliage, for which they use plain flat wire of a larger size, and fill them up with the leaves before mentioned. To fix the work, they employ a glutinous substance, made of the red hot berry, called boca sago, ground to a pulp on a rough stone. This pulp they place on a young cocoa nut about the size of a walnut, the top and bottom being cut off. After the leaves have been all placed in order, and stuck on bit by bit, a solder is prepared of gold filings and borax moistened with water, which they strew over the plate; and then, putting it in the fire for a short time, the whole becomes united. This kind of work on gold plate they call carrang papan: when the work is open they call it carrang trouse. In executing the latter the foliage is laid out on a card, or soft kind of wood, and stuck on, as before described, with the sago berry; and the work, when finished, being strewed over with their solder, is put into the fire, when, the card or soft wood burning away, the gold remains connected. If the piece be large, they solder it at several times. In the manufacture of badjoo buttons, they first make the lower part flat, and having a mould formed of a piece of buffalo's horn indented to several sizes, each like one half of a bullet mould, they lay their work over one of these holes, and, with a horn punch, they press it into the form of a button. After this they complete the upper part. When the filigree is finished, they cleanse it by boiling it in common salt and alum, or sometimes lime juice; and, in order to give it that fine purple color which they call sapo, they boil it in water with brimstone. The manner of making the little balls, with which their works are sometimes orna

mented, is as follows:-They take a piece of charcoal, and having cut it flat and smooth, they make in it a small hole, which they fill with gold dust, and this melted in the fire becomes a little ball. They are very inexpert at finishing and polishing the plain parts, hinges, screws, and the like, being in this as much excelled by the European artists, as these fall short of them in the fineness and minuteness of the foliage.

FILIPPO D'ARGIRONE, a town in the Val di Demone, Sicily, situated on a high hill on the Jaretta. It contains about 6000 inhabitants, and is a place of great antiquity, having given birth to Diodorus Siculus. It is defended by a castle. Nine miles south of Nicosia.

FILL, v. a., v. n. & n. s. Į Saxon, fyllan; FILLER, n. s., Teutonic, feellen; Belg. vullen; Goth. and Swed. filla. Minsheu traces these to Gr. Toλu, many; which Parkhurst derives from Heb. O, being substituted for

6

its sister labial.' To store to the utmost; satisfy; glut; surfeit: applied both to time and space, as well as metaphorically to the mind, affections, &c. To fill out, is to extend or rather stretch out to the utmost, by filling; and the preposition up, to fill up,' occasionally adds intensity to this verb. As a neuter verb, to fill is to satiate; glut; give to drink; 'to fill up;' to grow full. As a substantive, a fill is a satisfying quantity. A filter is any thing that occupies room; any thing useless for any other purpose; or one whose employment is to fill.

Fill the waterpots with water; and they filled them up to the brim. John ii. 7. In the cup which she hath filled, fill to her double. Rev. xviii.

Her neck and breasts were ever open bare,
That aye thereof her babes may suck their fill.
Faerie Queene.

Thou art going to lord Timon's feast,
-Ay, to see meat fill knaves, and wine heat fools.
Shakspeare.

And to our dear friend Banquo, whom we miss.
We fill to the general joy of the whole table,

Id. Macbeth.

Fillet of a fenny snake,

Shakspeare.

In the cauldron boil and bake.
His baleful breath inspiring as he glides,
Now like a chain around her neck he rides;
Now like a fillet to her head repairs,
And with his circling volumes folds her hairs.
Dryden's Eneid,
The youth approached the fire, and as it burned,
On five sharp broachers ranked, the roast they
turned;

These morsels stayed their stomachs; then the rest
They cut in legs and fillets for the feast. Dryden.
She scorned the praise of beauty, and the care;
A belt her waist, a fillet binds her hair.

The mixture thus, by chymick art

United close in every part,

In fillets rolled, or cut in pieces, Appeared like one continued species.

Pope.

Swift.

And still they seem resentfully to feel

The silken fillet's curb, and sought to shun Their bonds, whene'er some Zephyr, caught, began To offer her young pinion as her fan. Byron. FILLET, in heraldry, a kind of orle or bordure, containing only a third or fourth part of the breadth of the common bordure. It is supposed to be withdrawn inwards, and is of a different color from the field. It runs quite round, near the edge, as a lace over a cloak. Fillet is also used for an ordinary drawn like the bar from the sinister point of the chief across the shield, in manner of a scarf; though it is sometimes likewise seen in the situation of a bend, fesse, cross, &c. According to Guillin, the fillet is a fourth part of the chief, and is placed in the chief point of the escutcheon.

FIL'LIBEG. Gael. filleadh-beg, i. e. little plaid. The lower part of the Highland dress, reaching to the knees.

In the islands the plaid is rarely worn. beg, a lower garment, is still very common.

The fill

Johnson's Journey to the Hebrides. FIL'LIP, v. a. & n. s. Belg. flip, a flap; Teut. and Swed. fil. A word conjectured by Skinner and Minsheu to be formed from the sound': Dr. Johnson thinks from fill up, by some combination of ideas which cannot be recovered: Mr. Todd suggests the Lat. alapa, a blow, or stroke, as the origin; but the northern languages evidently supplied us with it; and FLABBY, FLAP, FLIPPANCY, are of the same family. See those words. To strike with the finger nail by catching it against the thumb: a fillip is a jerk, or stroke, of this kind.

Man's life is a glass, and a fillip may crack it.
Old Play (1599).

Then let the pebbles on the hungry beach
Fillip the stars; then let the mutinous winds
Strike the proud cedars 'gainst the fiery sun.

Shakspeare. If I do, fillip me with a three-man beetle. Id. We see, that if you fillip a latestring, it sheweth double or treble. Bacon's Natural History. The cards obedient to his words, Are by a fillip turned to birds. FIL'LY, n. s. Swed. fola; Welsh ffilog; Icel. filia, of Lat. filia, as it were the daughter of the mare.'-Minsheu. A young female horse; and, metaphorically, a light or wanton woman

Gay.

to cover with a thin skin.

It will but skin and film the ulcerous place, Whilst rank corruption, mining all within, Infects unseen.

Shakspeare. Hamlet.

While the silver needle did work upon the sight of his eye, to remove the film of the cataract, he never saw any thing more clear or perfect than that white needle.

Bacon.

Michael from Adam's eyes the film removed,
Which that false fruit that promised clearer sight

Had bred.
Milton's Paradise Lost.
A stone is held up by the films of the bladder, and
so kept from grating or offending it.
Graunt.

So the false spider, when her nets are spread,
Deep ambushed in her silent den does lie;

And feels, far cff, the trembling of her thread, Whose filmy cord should bind the struggling fly. Dryden.

The wasps with fruitless toil Flap filmy pinions oft, to extricate Their feet in liquid shackles bound, 'till death Bereave them of their worthless souls; such doom Waits luxury, and lawless love of gain. Philips. There is not one infidel so ridiculous as to pretend

to solve the phænomena of sight, fancy, or cogitation, by those fleeting superficial films of bodies.

Bentley's Sermons. He from thick films shall purge the visual ray, And on the sightless eyeballs pour the day. Pope. Loose to the winds their airy garments flew, Thin glittering textures of the filmy dew; Dipt in the richest tincture of the skies, When light disports in ever-mingling dyes. Nor less amused have I quiescent watched The sooty films, that play upon the bars Pendulous, and foreboding in the view Of superstition, prophesying still,

Id.

Though still deceived, some stranger's near approach. Cowper.

Emerged from ocean springs the vapourous air, Bathes her light limbs, uncurls her amber hair, Incrusts her beamy form with films saline, And beauty blazes through the crystal shrine.

Darwin.

FILMER (Sir Robert), son of Sir Edward Filmer, of East Sutton, Kent, was born towards the close of the sixteenth century, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. His works are,The Anarchy of limited and mixed Monarchy, 1646; Patriarcha, in which he endeavours to prove that all governments were originally monarchical, and that all legal titles are derived from the heads of families. This work was completely answered by Locke in his two Treatises on Government. Filmer died in 1647.

FILMER (Edward), son of Sir Robert, who took his degree of LL. D. at Oxford, and was author of a tragedy called the Unnatural Brother. He defended the stage against Jeremy Collier.

FILOTI, a town of European Turkey, in the pachalic of Joannina, and the chief place of a small independent tribe of that name, consisting of 6000 or 8000 men. It is eight miles west of Joannina.

FILTER, v. a. & n. s. Fr. filtre; It. feltro; FILTERING-STONE, Lat. filtro (per filum FILTRATE, v. a. trahere). To draw off FILTRATION, n. s. by threads; hence to purify by drawing off, in any way: the substantive was once applied to the twist of thread depending from a vessel by which liquors were cleansed; it is now used for any strainer or cleansing vessel: hence the modern filteringstone.' See below.

Having, for trial sake, filtered it through cap-paper, there remained in the filtre a powder. Boyle.

We took then common nitre, and having, by the usual way of solution, filtration, and coagulation, reduced it into crystals, we put four ounces of this purified nitre into a strong new crucible.

Id.

That the water passing through the veins of the earth, should be rendered fresh and potable, which it cannot be by any percolations we can make, but the saline particles will pass through a tenfold filter. Ray on the Creation.

Dilute this liquor with fair water, filtre it through a paper, and so evaporate it. Grew's Mus.

The extract obtained by the former operation, burnt to ashes, and those ashes boiled in water and filtrated, yield a fiery salt. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

FILTER, or FILTRE, in chemistry, &c., is used only for separating fluids from solids, or particles that may happen to be suspended in them, and not chemically combined with the

fluids; and for this purpose, filters of various kinds and various substances have been employed. That which is twisted up like a skain or wick, acts like a siphon, while it draws off only the purest part of the liquor. Others are of paper, flannel, fine linen, sand, pounded glass, or porous stones. When paper is used, it is shaped into the form of a cone, and placed in a funnel, to support it with the liquid, otherwise it would burst; but flannel or linen may be used in the form of a bag or otherwise. Filtering stones, basins, &c., are either natural or artificial, for the purpose of purifying water. Natural filters are found in rocks, mountains, beds of sand, &c. Artificial filtering basins are made of pipe-clay and coarse sand. In 1790 a female potter obtained a patent for discovering a composition to make filtering basins, as a succedaneum for that porous stone which in many places is not to be found. A patent was also obtained by Mr. Peacock, in 1791, for a new kind of filtration, by means of gravel of different sizes, suitable to the several strata. The various sizes of the particles of gravel, as placed in layers, should be nearly in the quadruple ratio of their surfaces; that is, upon the first layer a second is to be placed, the diameters of whose particles are not to be less than one-half of the first, and so on in this proportion. This arrangement of filtering particles will gradually fine the water by the grosser particles being quite intercepted in their ascending with the water. These filters may be readily cleansed by withdrawing the body of the fluid, when that which covered the strata will descend, and carry away all the foul and extraneous substances.

A patent was also granted to Mr. Collier, of Southwark, for a most ingenious method of filtering water, oil, and other liquids.

The principle of the improved filtering machines consists in combining hydrostatic pressure with the mode of filtering per ascensum, which procures the peculiar advantage of causing the fluid and its sediment to take opposite directions The filtering surface remains the same, while the dimensions of the chamber in which the sediment is received may be varied.

Professor Parrot jun. of Paris also invented a very ingenious and portable filtering machine, represented in the diagram annexed:

This

The reservoir G may be of any form or dimension which is convenient; the principal part of the machinery consisting of a square vessel, AD, bent in the form of an inverted syphon. The curve may be circular, elliptic, or in any other direction, and made of block-tin. vessel is filled with fine sand, till nearly the height of the dotted line r y, which denotes the ascent of the water to D, whence it flows into the receiver. To the part marked AB, which must always be above this line (according to the size of the filtering machine), a woollen bag is attached, open at the top, the lower part of which touches the sand: this collects the coarsest impurities, and preserves the sand for a longer time from becoming foul. It is evident that the water flows at A, through the bag into the filter, and rises at the place marked D, which is considerably lower than the former.

In large machines a water-tight trap-door may be made at F, for the purpose of removing the sand when it is overcharged with impurities. The small diameter of the machine from which the drawing was taken was eight Paris inches from B to E; the perpendicular height of the lower side, from C, its basis, to the rim D, whence the water issues, four inches and one-twelfth; the opposite height of the mouth, A B, eight inches and three-fourths; and the height of the sand on the side marked D, three inches and onesixth. A machine of these dimensions will furnish about three quarts of water in an hour, or This eighteen gallons in twenty-four hours. quantity, however, being too large in proportion to the size of the machine, it is advisable to prolong the stratum of sand, in order to reduce the filtration of the water to half the quantity above stated, and to obtain it in greater purity.

Thus a filtering apparatus eighteen inches long from A to D, two inches thick, and four broad, would afford every hour six pints of very pure

water.

The society of Arts, &c., voted their silver medal, in the session of 1810, to Mr. W. Moult, Bedford Square, for his new method of applying the filtering stone, for purifying water. The method of using this stone is that of placing it in the water to be purified; by which means the water presses against the outside of the filter, and, oozing through its pores, fills the stone, from which it is to be conveyed into a proper receptacle. The stone is suspended in the cistern by a ring round the inside of it, upon which a projecting part round the top of the stone rests. The impurities are thus left at the bottom of the cistern, instead of at the bottom of the stone.

FILTER, OF FILTRE, from piλrpov or piλew I love, is also a charm, supposed to have a virtue of inspiring love. This is more properly written PHILTER, which see. FILTH, n. s. FILTH'ILY, adv. FILTH'INESS, n. s. FILTHY, adj. uption.

Sax. Filo, from Fylan, to defile; Goth. fyla; Teut. foulheit. Dirt; pollution; uncleanness; cor

How perfect then is man? from head to foot Defiled with filth, and rotten at the root. Sandys. They held this land, and with their filthiness Plluted this same gentle soil long time,

That their own mother loathed their beastliness,

Tillotson.

Swift.

Thee will a land of liberty we name, Where all are free to scandal and to shame; Thy sons, by print, may set their hearts at ease, And be mankind's contempt, whene'er they please; Like trodden filth, their vile and abject sense Is unperceived, but when it gives offence. Young.

Like caterpillars, dangling under trees By slender threads, and swinging in the breeze, Which filthily bewray and sore disgrace The boughs in which are bred the unseemly race. Cowper.

Hence! ye, who snare and stupify the mind, Sophists of beauty, virtue, joy, the bane! Greedy and fell, though impotent and blind, Who spread your filthy nets in Truth's fair fane, And ever ply your venomed fangs amain! Beattie.

FI'MBLE HEMP, n. s. Corrupted from female.

Good flax and good hemp, for to have of her own, In May a good housewife will see it be sown; And afterwards trim it, and serve at a need; The fimble to spin, and the carle for her seed.

Tusser.