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his employer's interest, he is liable for the consequence. For example, if he gives credit when not empowered, or long credit if not empowered, for the sake of a better price, and the buyer proves insolvent, he is liable for the debt. A factor has no power to give credit unless authorised but if the goods consigned be generally sold on credit at the place of consignation, the factor will be vindicated for selling at the usual credit, unless expressly restricted. Although opinion will never justify the factor for departing from orders, necessity sometimes will. If he be limited not to sell goods under a certain price,' and the goods be perishable, and not in a situation for being kept, he may sell them, to prevent their destruction, even under the price limited. A factor is never warranted to deal on trust, except with persons in good credit at the time. If the employer challenge the debtors, it is incumbent on him to prove that their bad circumstances were known at the time of sale; and the factor will be vindicated, if he trusted them at the same time for goods of his own. If the factor sell his employer's goods on trust, and, after the day of payment is elapsed, receive payment from the purchaser for a debt of his own, he becomes liable in equity for the debt. In case of bankruptcy, the factor ought immediately to lay attachments, and advise his employers; and he cannot withdraw his attachments, nor compound debts without orders. If a factor sells goods belonging to different merchants to the same person, and the buyer proves insolvent, they shall bear the loss in equal proportions; and, if the buyer has paid part before his insolvency, with out specifying for which, the payment ought to be distributed in equal proportions; but, if the days of payment be fixed, and part of the debts only due, the payment ought to be applied, in the first place, to such debts as were due. If he makes a wrong entry at the custom-house, and the goods be seized in consequence thereof, he must bear the loss, unless the error be occasioned by a mistake in the invoice, or letter of advice. The owner bears the loss of goods seized, when attempted to be smuggled by his orders: but the factor complying with an unlawful order, is liable in such penalties as the laws exact. If a factor saves the duty of goods due to a foreign prince, he shall have the benefit; for, if detected, he bears the loss. If a factor sells goods bought by his employer's orders for his own advantage, the employer may recover the benefit, and the factor shall be amerced for the same. If a factor receives bad money in payment, he bears the loss; but if the value of the money be lessened by the government, the employer bears the loss. A factor is not liable for goods spoiled, robbed, or destroyed by fire. If a factor receives counterfeit jewels from his employer, and sells them, the employer is liable to indemnify him for any penalties he may incur. If a factor be ordered to make insurance, and neglect it, and the subject be lost, he is liable to make it good, providing he had effects in his hands. If a factor buys goods for his employer, his bargain shall be binding on the employer. Factors having obtained a profit for their employers, ought to be very cautious how they dispose of it; for if they

act without commission, they are responsible: and even in the case of a merchant remitting goods to his factor, and some time after drawing a bill on him, which the factor, having effects in his hands, is supposed to accept, if the merchant fails, the goods are seized in the factor's hands, for behoof of the creditors, and the factor, it has been thought, must answer the bill notwithstanding, and only rank as a creditor for the sum, which, by his acceptance of the bill, he was obliged to pay. In case of a factor's insolvency, the owner may reclaim his goods; and, if they be sold on trust, the owner (and not the factor's creditors) shall recover payment of the debts. The above is principally applicable to factors residing abroad, and acting for merchants, or to supercargoes going a voyage to dispose of a cargo, and afterwards returning with another to their employers; but it is likewise the practice of merchants of the greatest credit in the commercial world, to act mutually as factors for each other. The business thus executed is called commission-business, and is generally desirable by all merchants, provided they have always effects in their custody, as a security for such matters as they transact, for the account of others. Those who trade extensively in this manner, have current as well as commission accounts, constantly between them; and draw on, remit to, and send commissions to each other, only by the intercourse of letters, which, among men of honor, are as obligatory and authoritative as all the bonds and ties of law.

FACTORAGE, the allowance given to factors by the merchant who employs them: called also commission. A factor's commission in Britain on most kinds of goods is 24 per cent.: on lead and some other articles, 2 per cent. In some places it is customary for the factors to insure debts for an additional allowance, and in that case they are accountable for the debt when the usual term of credit is expired. Factorage on goods is sometimes charged at a certain rate per cask, or other package, measure, or weight, especially when the factor is only employed to receive or deliver them.

FACTOTUM, n. s. Lat. fac totum. It is used likewise in burlesque French. A servant employed alike in all kinds of business: as Scrub in the Stratagem.

Ben Jonson. French. The act or man

Factotum here, Sir. FA'CTURE, n. s. ner of making any thing.

There is no doubt but that the facture or framing, is as full of difference as the outward [parts.]

Bucon.

FACULÆ, Latin, from fax, a torch, in astronomy, a name given by Scheiner and others, to certain bright spots on the sun's disc, that appear more lucid than the rest of his body. Hevelius affirms, that on July 20th, 1634, he observed a facula, whose breadth was equal to one-third of the sun's diameter. Kircher, Scheiner, and others, represent the sun's body as full of these faculæ, which they suppose to be volcanoes; and others contend that the maculæ change into faculæ before they disappear. But Huygens and others of the latest and best observers, finding

that the best telescopes discover nothing of the matter, agree entirely to explode the phenomena of faculæ; and attribute the cause of these appearances to the tremulous agitation of the vapors near our earth. Dr. Hutton concludes that the faculæ are not eructations of fire and

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flame, but refractions of the sun's rays in the rarer exhalations, which, being condensed, seem to exhibit a light greater than that of the sun.' FACULTY, n. s. Fr. faculté; Ital. facolta; Span. faculdad; Lat. facultas, from facio, to do. The power of doing any thing mechanical or mental: hence skill; dexterity; excellence; quality; power; authority or privilege: a company of skilful or eminent men in any of the professions.

There is no kind of faculty or power in man, or any creature, which can rightly perform the functions allotted to it without perpetual aid and concurrence of that supreme cause of all things. Hooker.

Law hath set down to what persons, in what causes, with what circumstances, almost every faculty or favour shall be granted.

I'm traduced by tongues which neither know
My faculties nor person, yet will be
The chronicles of my doing.

Id.

Shakspeare. Henry VIII.
This Duncan

Hath born his faculties so meek, hath been
So clear in his great office, that his virtues
Will plead like angels.

Id. Macbeth.

He had none of those faculties, which the other had, of reconciling men to him. Clarendon.

I understand in the prime end
Of nature, her the inferior; in the mind
And inward faculties, which most excel.

Orators may grieve; for in their sides,
Rather than heads, their faculty abides.

Milton.

Denham.

He, which hath given no man his faculties and graces for himself, nor put light into the sun, moon, stars, for their own use, hath stored no parcel of earth with a purpose of private reservation. Bp. Hall.

Our author found out monarchial absolute power in that tex; the had an exceeding good faculty to find it himself where he could not show it to others.

Locke.

We shall then use our understanding right, when we entertain all objects in that way and proportion, that they are suited to our faculties.

Id.

Many are ignorant of mathematical truths, not out of any imperfection of their faculties, or uncertainty in the things themselves, but for want of application in acquiring, examining, and by due ways comparing those ideas. Id.

Reason in man supplies the defect of other facul. ties wherein we are inferior to beasts, and what we cannot compass by force we bring about by stratagem. L'Estrange.

A power of command there is without all question, though there be some doubt in what faculty this command doth principally reside, whether in the will or the understanding. Bramhall against Hobbes.

Sure it is a pitiful pretence to ingenuity that can be thus kept up, there being little need of any other faculty but memory, to be able to cap texts.

Government of the Tongue. The fifth mechanical faculty is the wedge used in cleaving wood. Wilkins.

Nature its mother, habit is its nurse; Wit, spirit, faculties, but make it worse;

Reason itself but gives it edge and power,

As heaven's blessed beam turns vinegar more sour. Pope's Essay on Man.

He had an excellent faculty in preaching if he were not too refined.

Swift. Neither did our Saviour think it necessary to explain to us the nature of God, because it would be impossible, without bestowing on us other faculties than we possess at present.

Id.

The wretched condition, weakness, and disorder of

the faculties which I must employ in my inquiries, increase my apprehensions; and the impossibility of

amending or correcting those faculties, reduces me almost to despair, and makes me resolved to perish on the barren rock on which I am at present, rather than venture myself upon that boundless ocean which runs out into immensity. Hume. On Human Nature.

Called thee into being when thou wast not; gave thee these reasoning and reflecting faculties, which thou art now employing in searching out the end and Mason. happiness of thy nature.

FADE, v. n. & v. a. Goth. fada; Isl. and Swed. fata; Erse, faid; Arabic, faut : from Fr. fade, weak, insipid, says Dr. Johnson; but Mr. Todd derives it with more probability, from Lat. vado, Gr. Badw to.move, the primary meaning of fade being to disappear quickly. To vanish; disappear rapidly; languish; change to a weaker color; wither; lose vigor or beauty; die away. Our older writers use it as an active verb for to wear away; reduce.

Ye shall be as an oak whose leaf fadeth, and as a garden that hath no water. Isaiah i. 30. The glorious beauty on the head of the fat valley shall be a fading flower. Id. xxviii. 4.

Whose flowring pride, so fading and so fickle, Short Time shall soon cut down with his consuming sickle. Spenser's Faerie Queene. This is a man, old, wrinkled, faded, withered; And not a maiden, as thou sayest he is.

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"Yet such the destiny of all on earth:
So flourishes and fades majestic man.
Fair is the bud his vernal morn brings forth,
And fostering gales awhile the nursling fan."
Beattie.

Then let the winds howl on! their harmony
Shall henceforth be my music, and the night
The sound shall temper with the owlet's cry,
As I now hear them, in the fading light

Dim o'er the bird of darkness' native site. Byron.

FADGE, v. n. Sax. geregan; Germ. fugen; from Goth. fagks, fit, accommodated. To suit; fit; succeed. Obsolete.

How will this fadge? my master loves her dearly,
And I, poor monster, fond as much on him;
And she, mistaken, seems to doat on me.

Shakspeare.

When they thrived they never fadged,
But only by the ears engaged;
Like dogs that snarl about a bone,
And play together when they've none.

Hudibras.

The fox hath a fetch; and when he saw it would not fadge, away goes he presently. L'Estrange. FÆCES, in medicine. See EXCREMENTS. Alchemists, who searched every where for the secret of making gold, operated greatly on the fæces of men and other animals; but philosophical chemistry has acquired no knowledge from all these alchemical labors. Homberg particularly analysed and examined human fæces, to satisfy an alchemical project of one of his friends, who pretended that from this matter a white oil could be obtained, without smell, and capable of fixing mercury into silver. The oil was found, but mercury was not fixed by it. Homberg's labors were not, however, useless, as he has related his experiments in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences.

The following is the result of a careful analysis of human fæces by Berzelius in 1806:— Water

73.3

Vegetable and animal undigested residue 7:0
Bile

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It has several fine churches with good paintings and a cathedral standing in a noble square Faenza was ravaged by the Goths in the sixth century, and by the Germans in the thirteenth. It fell afterwards into the hands of the Venetians, the Bolognese, and finally of the pope. Its inhabitants carry on the manufacture of linen extensively. It is twenty miles south-west of Ra

venna.

FAERNUS (Gabriel), a native of Cremona in Italy, was an excellent Latin poet and eritic of the sixteenth century. He was skilled in all parts of polite literature; and pope Pius IV. particularly patronised him. He was the author of several Latin elegies; of 100 Latin fables, selected from the ancients, written in iambic verse; and of several pieces of criticism, as Censura Emendationum Livianarum, De Metris Comicis, &c. He was remarkably happy in decyphering MSS., and restoring ancient authors to their purity: he took such pains with Terence in partilar, that Bentley has adopted all his notes in the edition he gave of that writer. He died at Rome the then unknown fables of Phædrus, for fear of in 1561. Thuanus charges him with suppressing lessening the value of his own Latin fables, written in imitation of Æsop. M. Perrault, however, who translated Faernus's fables into French, has defended him from this imputation, by affirming that the first MS. of Phædrus's fables, found in the dust of an old library, was not discovered till about thirty years after Faernus's death.

FAG, v. n., v. a. & n. s. Lat. fatigo; Goth. fecka, to be weary, or to diminish. To grow weary or tired; to outrival; beat: a fag is a drudge; a school-slave.

Creighton with-held his force 'till the Italian began to fag, and then brought him to the ground.

Mackenzie's Lives. The duke of Dorset was my fag at Harrow, and I was not a very hard taskmaster.

Lord Byron, quoted by Captain Medwin. FAGAN'S (St.), a small town and parish of Glamorganshire, South Wales, and having a castellated mansion built in a comparatively modern style of architecture. Here a sanguinary engagement took place in May 1648, between the royalists and republicans, in which, after a momentary advantage, the former were entirely routed, and left 3000 slain. According to the 0-05 Welsh chronicle, St. Fagan came from Rome to. Britain about the year 180, being sent by pope Eleutherius to convert the inhabitants to Christianity. It is three miles from Cardiff, and 163 from London.

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FÆCULENT, abounding with fæces. The blood and other humors are said to be fæculent, when without that purity which is necessary to health.

FAENZA, a city and bishop's see of the ecclesiastical state, in Romagna, anciently known by the name of Falentia, and noted in modern times for its pottery wares. Hence the French give to all fine stone ware the name of Fayence.

FAGARA, iron-wood, a genus of the monogynia order and tetrandria class of plants; natural order forty-third, dumosæ: CAL. quadrifid: COR. tetrapetalous: CAPS. bivalved and monospermous. Species twelve, all natives of the East Indies and the warm parts of America, rising with woody stems more than twenty feet high. They are propagated by seeds; but in this country must be kept continually in a stove. The chief is F. octandra with pinnate leaves, downy each side. It is a tall tree, abounding in a balsamic glutinous juice, racemed flowers

with white calyxes and yellow corols. Its balsam resembles the gum tacamahac.

FAGE (Raimond de la), an ingenious designer and engraver, highly esteemed by Carlo Maratti, was born at Toulouse in 1648. He had no master nor any assistance; but his superior talents supplied the want of them. His perform ances on licentious subjects are the most esteemed. It is reported that he never made use of money, but contracted debts, and when the accounts were brought him, he drew on the back of the bills, and bid the owners sell the drawings to connoisseurs for the amount, by which they were generally great gainers. Several of those drawings are in the cabinets of the curious. He led a loose depraved life, which his repeated debancheries put an end to, at the age of forty-two. FAGEND. From fag and end, says Dr. Johnson, but more probably from Swed. fogan; Sax. Fegan, to join. The end of a web of cloth, rope, &c.; hence the refuse of any thing.

I have unpartially ransacked this fag-end of my life, and curiously examined every step of my ways; and I cannot, by the most exact scrutiny of my saddest thoughts, find what it is that I have done to forfeit that good estimation, wherewith you say, once blessed. Bp. Hall's account of himself.

In the world's fagend

I was

Fanshaw.

A nation lies. When they are the worst of their way, and fixt in the fagend of business, they are apt to look not kindly upon those who go before them.

Collier.

FAGGOT, or FAGOT, v. a. Fr. fagot; Arm. and Welsh fagod; Ital. fagotta; British hagoden; according to Casseneuve from Lat. fagus, a beech tree, the old faggots being mostly made of that wood. Others derive it from Lat. fascis; acides, a bundle of wood. A bundle of sticks or small wood; any one of the pieces in the bundle: hence an individual in a muster or list of soldiers. See below. We only find the verb used by Dryden.

Spare for no fagots, let there be enow; Place pitchy barrels on the fatal stake.

Shakspeare. About the pile of fagots, sticks, and hay, The bellows raised the newly-kindled flame.

Fairfax.

He was too warm on picking work to dwell,
But fagoted his notions as they fell,
And if they rhymed and rattled, all was well.

Dryden. The Black Prince filled a ditch with fagots as successfully as the generals of our armies do it with

fascines.

Addison.

Mitres or fagots have been the rewards of different persons, according as they pronounced these consecrated syllables or not. Watts on the Mind.

FAGGOT, in times of popery, was a badge worn on the sleeve of the upper garment of such persons as had abjured heresy; being put on after the person had carried a faggot, by way of penance, to some appointed place of solemnity. The leaving off the wear of this badge was sometimes interpreted a sign of apostasy.

FAGGOTS, among military men, persons formerly hired by officers, whose companies were not full, to muster and hide the deficiencies of the company; by which means they cheated the king of so much money.

FAGIUS (Paul), alias Buchlin, a learned protestant minister, born at Rheinzabern in Germany in 1504. He was a schoolmaster at Isna; but afterwards became a zealous preacher, and wrote many theological works. During the persecution in Germany, he and Bucer came over to England in 1549, at the invitation of archbishop Cranmer, to perfect a new translation of the Scriptures. Fagius took the Old Testament, and Bucer the New for their respective parts; but the design was frustrated by the sudden deaths of both. Fagius died in 1550, and Bucer did not live above a year after. Their bodies were dug up and burned in the reign of queen Mary.

FAGONIA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order and decandria class of plants; natural order fourteenth, gruinales: CAL. pentaphyllous; the petals are five and heart-shaped: CAPS. quinquelocular, ten-valved, with the cells monospermous. There are four species; natives of Spain, Crete, Arabia, and Persia.

FAGRÆA, in botany, a genus of plants of the class pentandria and order monogynia: COR. funnelform, with a very long tube; stigma peltate: BERRY two-celled, fleshy: SEEDS globular: species one only; a shrub of Ceylon; with thick square branches, and large terminal flowers.

FAGUS, the beech tree, a genus of the hexandria order and monœcia class of plants; natural order fiftieth, amentaceæ: male CAL. quinquefid and campanulated: COR. none: stamina from five to twelve: female CAL. quinquedentated; styles three: CAPS muricated and quadrivalved; the seeds two in number. There are five species, of which the most noted are,

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1. F. castanea, the chestnut-tree, has a large upright trunk growing forty or fifty feet high, branching regularly round into a fine spreading head, garnished with large spear-shaped acutely serrated leaves, naked on the under side, having flowers in long amentums, succeeded by round prickly fruit, containing two or more nuts. is chiefly propagated by seeds. Evelyn, says, 'Let the nuts be first spread to sweat, then cover them in sand; a month being past, plunge them! in water, and reject the swimmers; being dried for thirty days more, sand them again, and to the water ordeal as before. Being thus treated until the beginning of spring or in November, set them as you would do beans. They need only to be put into the holes with the point upmost. In winter or autumn, inter them in their husks, which, being every way armed, are a good protection against the mouse. Being come up, they thrive best unremoved, making a great stand for at least two years upon every transplanting; if you must alter their station, let it be done against November.' Millar cautions about purchasing foreign nuts that have been kiln-dried, which, he says, is generally done to prevent their sprouting in their passage. He adds, If they cannot be procured fresh from the tree, it will be better to use those of the growth of England, which are full as good to sow for timber or beauty as any of the foreign nuts, though their fruit is much smaller.' He also recommends preserving them in sand, and proving them in water. In setting these nuts, he says, the best way is to make a

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drill with a hoe, about four inches deep, in which place the nuts about four inches distant, with their eye uppermost; then draw the earth over them with a rake, and make a second drill a foot distance from the former, proceeding as before, allowing three or four rows in each bed. In April these nuts will appear above ground; keep them clear from weeds, especially while young in these beds they may remain for two years, when you should remove them into a nursery at a wider distance. The best time for transplanting these trees is in October, though some prefer the end of February; the distance these should have in the nursery is three feet between, and one foot in the rows. If these trees have a downright tap root, it should be cut off, especially if they are intended to be removed again; this will occasion their putting out lateral shoots, and render them less subject to miscarry when finally removed. The time generally allowed them in the nursery is three or four years, according to their growth; but the younger they are transplanted, the better they will succeed. Young trees of this sort are very apt to have crooked stems; but when they are transplanted out and have room to grow, as they increase in bulk they will grow more upright, and their stems will become straight Hanbury recommends that the young plants, a year after they have been planted in the nursery, be cut down to within an inch of the ground; which, he says, 'will cause them to shoot vigorously with one strong and straight stem.' There is one material objection against sowing chestnuts in drills, that they serve as guides to the fieldmouse, who will run from one end to the other of a drill without leaving a single nut we rather recommend setting them with a dibble, either promiscuously, or a quincunx, at about six inches distance. Evelyn says, that coppices of chestnuts may be thickened by layering the tender young shoots but adds that such as spring from the nuts and marrons are best of all. There is a striped-leaved variegation which is continued by budding; and the French are said to graft chest nuts for their fruit; but Miller says, such grafted trees are unfit for timber. The chestnut-tree will thrive almost upon any soil which lies out of the water's way; but disaffects wet moorish land. It sometimes grows to an immense size. The largest in the known world are those which grow upon Mount Ætna in Sicily. At Tortworth, in Gloucestershire, is a chestnut tree fifty-two feet round. It is proved to have stood there ever since 1150, and was then so remarkable that it was called the 'great chestnut of Tortworth.' It fixes the boundary of the manor, and is probably near 1000 years old. As an ornamental, the chestnut is well worthy the gardener's attention. Its uses have been highly extolled. As a substitute for the oak, it is preferable to the elm: for door-jambs, window-frames, and some other purposes, it is nearly equal to oak itself; but there is a deceitful brittleness in it which renders it unsafe to be used in beams, or in any other situation where an uncertain load is required to be borne. It is excellent for liquor casks; not being liable to shrink, nor to change the color of the liquor it is also recommended as an underwood for hop-poles, stakes, &c. Its fruit too is

valuable; not only for swine and deer, but as a human food: bread is said to have been made

of it.

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2. F. pumila, the dwarf chestnut tree, or chinkapin, rises eight or ten feet high, with a branching shrubby stem, and oval spear-shaped and acutely serrated leaves, hoary on the under side. It is propagated from seeds, brought from America. These should be planted in drills, as soon as they arrive, in a moist bed of rich garden mould. If good, they will come up pretty soon in the spring. After they appear, they require no trouble, except keeping them clean from weeds, and watering them in dry weather. They may stand in the seed-bed two years, and be afterwards planted in the nursery ground, a foot asunder, and two feet between the rows. When strong, they are fit for any purpose. 3. F. sylvatica, the beech tree, rises sixty or seventy feet high, and has a proportionable thickness, branching upward into a fine regular head, garnished with oval serrated leaves, with flowers in globular catkins, succeeded by angular fruit called mast. It is very easily raised from the mast or seed. For woods,' says Evelyn, the. beech must be governed as the oak: in nurseries, as the ash; sowing the mast in autumn, or later, even after January, or rather nearer the spring, to preserve them from vermin. They are likewise to be planted of young seedlings to be drawn out of the places where the fruitful trees abound. Millar says, 'the season for sowing the mast is any time from October to February, only observing to secure the seeds from vermin when early sowed. The sooner they are sown the better, after they are fully ripe.' Hanbury orders a sufficient quantity of mast to be gathered about the middle of September, when they begin to fall; these are to be 'spread upon a mat in an airy place ix days to dry; and after that you may either sow them immediately, or put them up in bags to sow them nearer the spring; which method,' says he, I would rather advise, as they will keep very well, and there will be less danger of having them destroyed by mice or other vermin.' They must be sown in beds properly prepared, about an inch deep. In the first spring many of the young plants will appear, whilst others will not come up till the spring following. Having stood two years in the seminary, they should be removed to the nursery, where they may remain till wanted. In stateliness and grandeur the beech vies with the oak. Its foliage is peculiarly soft and pleasing; its branches are numerous and spreading; and its stem waxes to a great size. The bark is remarkably smooth, and of a silvery cast; which, added to the splendor and smoothness of its foliage, gives a striking delicacy to its general appearance. The beech, therefore, standing singly, and suffered to form its own natural head, is highly ornamental; and its leaves, varying their hue as the autumn approaches, render it still more desirable. In point of use the beech follows next to the oak and the ash; it is almost as necessary to the cabine-makers and turners, as the oak is to the ship-builder, or the ash to the plough and cart-wright. Evelyn, however, observes, that where it lies dry, or wet and dry,

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