Deviations from Thermal Equilibrium in Shock Waves

active degrees assuming atoms Boltzmann factor calculated cent chemical affinity colliding molecules corresponding dB/d log de-excitation decreases degree of dissociation degrees of freedom density diffuse shock wave Dissociation of Air E₁ effective energy content equation experimental results factor frequency Fricke function given gives gram harmonic oscillator heat at constant high pressure side high temperatures increase inert degrees initial conditions interaction Kneser Knudsen Landau-Teller theory low pressure side lower sign Maxwell distribution mean free path mode of vibration molecular vibrations n₁ nitrogen number of collisions obtained oxygen path for vibration physical quantities relaxation room temperature smaller solution specific heat square root subscript sufficient sure side T₁ T₂ Table VIII temperature dependence theory of shock thermal equilibrium translation and rotation velocity of sound vibrational energy vibrations of O2 water vapor wave front αβ βο