What do we call the white flowers that grow in "clear November nights"? How was the glen changed when the snow came? Read lines that tell what the brook did under the snow. Which of the words used in this description is not often used in describing a brook? What changes take place in the autumn that may have given the poet the idea that the days "grow pale"? Of what were the "glistening parapets" made? What happened to the pool when the Little People of the Snow touched it? To what does the poet compare the sound of the voices of the Little People in the third stanza? How did they treat the traveler whom they met? What does the word floundered tell you? How does the poet explain the snow-fall? Read the lines that make the most beautiful picture. 3. Word Study. Look up in the Glossary the pronunciation and meaning of these words: Conversation and Discussion. Subject: The Advantages of Living Where There Is Cold Weather Part of the Year. (a) Varied occupations and products. (b) Varied comforts and pleasures. (c) Varied sports and games. (d) Personal incidents or observations. Write a paragraph on any one of the four topics discussed in Lesson 70. Test your work by the form given on page 5. LESSON 72-THE CONJUNCTION 1. Development. 1. The cottager and his wife lived on the mountain side. 2. They were happy in winter or in summer. 3. It was a pleasant spot in spring, but in winter the glen was filled with drifted snow. What word connects the parts of the compound subject in sentence 1? What word connects the two phrases in sentence 2? What word connects the two clauses in sentence 3? Words used in this way are called conjunctions. Learn: A word (not a preposition) used to connect words or groups of words of the same class is called a conjunction. Select the conjunctions in the following sentences and tell what each connects: 1. Each flower had a leaf and a stem. 2. The children had a merry ramble, and they saw many beautiful sights. 3. The brook sang to itself and trotted on. 4. A troop came and threw spangles of frost upon the grass. 5. They shook the soft snow and buried the great earth. 6. They had baby brows and fair locks, but in spring they had a scowl upon their faces. 7. They flew to the north or scampered up the mountain's top. & They skipped or danced on frozen peaks and molded snowballs. 9. They smote the traveler with snow-flakes, but they could not withstand the south wind. 2. Written Exercise. Write five sentences containing conjunctions. Draw a line under each conjunction. 1. Coördinating Conjunctions. 1. The cottager and his wife lived near a glen. 2. They ran through the valley and up the mountain. 3. The wren chattered and the flowers bloomed there. 4. The little people of the snow laughed, but the man made grim faces. 5. They danced or ran all the way. The words connected by the conjunction and in sentence 1 are of equal rank or importance in the sentence, because they are the parts of a compound subject. The phrases connected by the conjunction and in sentence 2 are of equal rank. The clauses connected by the conjunction and in sentence 3 are of equal rank, because they are the clauses of a compound sentence. The clauses connected by the conjunction but in sentence 4, and the words connected by the conjunction or in sentence 5, are similarly of equal rank. The conjunctions and, but, and or are used to join words, phrases, or clauses that are coördinate, or of equal rank. For this reason such conjunctions are called coördinating conjunctions. Learn: A conjunction that joins words of equal rank, phrases of equal rank, or the clauses of a compound sentence is called a coördinating conjunction. A few conjunctions used in pairs also join words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank. Among these pairs are: both and, not only but also, either-or, neither-nor. Examples: 1. Both the man and his wife were happy. 2. They were not only cold, but also hungry. 3. John was either working or playing all day long. 2. Subordinating Conjunctions. 1. John ran because he was late. 2. He will go if you stay. The conjunction because in sentence 1 joins a subordinate clause to a principal clause. These clauses are not of equal rank. The conjunction if in sentence 2 joins a subordinate clause to a principal clause. These clauses are not of equal rank. The conjunctions because, if, for, since, lest, that, though, although, unless, and some others are used to join subordinate clauses to principal clauses and are therefore called subordinating conjunctions. Learn: A conjunction that joins a subordinate clause to a principal clause that is, a conjunction that joins the clauses of a complex sentence conjunction. is called a subordinating Classify according to form the following sentences. Classify the conjunctions; tell what each connects. SENTENCE They flung needles of frost at the traveler's cheeks and they wove a white fringe for his brown beard. MODEL This is a compound sentence containing two clauses: (1) They flung needles of frost at the traveler's cheeks. (2) They wove a white fringe for his brown beard. And is a coördinating conjunc tion connecting the clauses. 1. The Little People of the Snow walked the ground and threw spangles of frost upon the grass. 2. They turned the face of the brook to glass or they shook the soft snow from their laps. 3. The earliest spring flowers opened near the brook, but in winter the brook was fringed with other flowers. 4. The man was not afraid, although he had never been so cold before. 5. He wondered if he would be frozen. 6. The man did not go far, because it was very cold. Name the principal word of the subject and the predicate of each clause in the above sentences. Select the phrases and tell what each modifies. Follow this model: SENTENCE They flung needles of frost at the traveler's cheeks and they wove a white fringe for his brown beard. MODEL They is the principal word in the subject of clause 1; Aung is the principal word in the predicate. They is the principal word in the subject of clause 2; wove is the principal word in the predicate. Phrases: of frost modifies needles; at the traveler's cheeks modifies flung; for his brown beard modifies wove. |