LESSON 76-DISTINGUISHING PREPOSITIONS FROM ADVERBS You have learned that the use of a word in a sentence determines what part of speech it is. You have also learned that a preposition is a part of a phrase and always goes with a substantive. These facts will help you to distinguish prepositions from adverbs. Read these sentences: 1. He went down the river. 2. He went down to the river. In sentence 1, down is a preposition introducing the phrase down the river; river belongs with the preposition down. In sentence 2, river belongs with the preposition to; down is an adverb meaning forward, and modifies the verb went. In the following sentences, tell which of the italicized words are prepositions and which are adverbs: 17. We sang till noon. 18. I saw no one but her. 19. The fort was taken without a blow. 20. After dinner we drove down the hill. 21. Yesterday we drove down to the village. LESSON 77 LETTER WRITING Write a letter to a classmate who is ill at home. Tell any school news that you think may be of interest. Make your letter as cheery as possible. LESSON 78 EXPANDING WORDS AND PHRASES Change the following simple sentences into complex sentences by substituting clauses for the italicized words: 1. He is an able man. 2. She is a woman of great beauty. 3. The shade trees on our street are large. 4. The industrious boy will succeed. 5. Steel railway coaches are fireproof. 6. The battle-scarred land is full of interest. 7. I am certain of his honesty. 8. Thoreau's beans grew rapidly in hot weather. 9. Daniel Boone was a man of great courage. 10. The flowers of spring are liked best. 11. At the captain's signal the football team started quickly. 12. At daybreak we began our march. LESSON 79- HALF-YEARLY SUMMARY 1. Substantives: A noun, pronoun, or any word or group of words that is used as a noun or pronoun is called a substantive (p. 186). (a) An adjective may be used substantively (p. 186). (b) A phrase may be used substantively (p. 187). (c) A clause may be used substantively (p. 187). (1) As subject (2) As predicate nominative (3) As direct object (4) As appositive (5) With a preposition 2. The Verb: (a) Voice (p. 221). the changes in the form of a verb to show whether the subject acts or is acted upon (p. 188). (1) The forms of a verb that represent the subject as performing an action are called the active voice (p. 188). (2) The forms of a verb that represent the subject as being acted upon are called the passive voice (p. 188). Only transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice (p. 188). (b) Tense the changes in the form of a verb to indicate the time of the assertion (p. 230). (1) The forms of a verb that make assertions in regard to present time are called the present tense (p. 230). (2) The forms of a verb that make assertions in regard to past time are called the past tense (p. 230). (3) The forms of a verb that make assertions in regard to future time are called the future tense (p. 230). (4) The forms of a verb that assert action complete at the time of speaking are called the present perfect tense (p. 232). (5) The forms of a verb that assert action complete at some time in the past are called the past perfect tense (p. 232). (6) The forms of a verb that assert action to be complete at some time in the future are called the future perfect tense (p. 232). Forms of a verb that assert action as going on or continuing are called progressive tenses (p. 231). The past participle is the form of a verb used with have, etc. (p. 231). (c) Classes of Verbs according to Form: The present tense, the past tense, and the past participle of a verb are called its principal parts (p. 242). (1) A verb that forms its past tense and past participle by adding d or ed (sometimes t) to its present tense is called a regular verb (p. 243). (2) A verb that forms its past tense and past participle in some other way than by adding d, ed, or t to its present tense is called an irregular verb (p. 244). (d) Agreement of Verb with Subject: The person and number of a verb should be the same as the A verb should agree with a singular subject even when the Many indefinite pronouns require singular verbs (p. 217). 3. Classes of Limiting Adjectives: (a) The, a, and an are called articles (p. 203). The is the definite article. A and an are indefinite articles. (b) Limiting adjectives that indicate number are called numeral adjectives (p. 203). (c) Words that are used sometimes as pronouns, sometimes as adjectives, are called pronominal adjectives when used as adjectives (p. 204). 4. Distinguishing the Parts of Speech: (a) If a modifying word in the predicate describes or limits the subject, we use an adjective; if it modifies the verb, we use an adverb. Predicate adjectives are used with such verbs as appear, become, feel, grow, look, seem, smell, sound, taste, etc., as well as with is, are, was, were, etc. (p. 206). (b) A preposition is part of a phrase and always goes with a substantive. These facts will help to distinguish prepositions from adverbs (p. 248.) (c) Like is often incorrectly used as a conjunction, in place of as or as if (p. 223). (d) Give sentences containing the forms of the following verbs: break, go, know, drink, like, teach, do, draw, give, throw, come, climb, burn, owe. |