at hand to toss it farther on, and thus it was rapidly conveyed ashore. It was immediately followed by the whole gang of Indians, who were satisfied with the capture of this single article. One of the voyageurs had the intrepidity to deal a severe blow with his paddle upon the head of the person who first attempted to take the liquor, but the latter, having succeeded in throwing it out of the canoe, and seeing it soon conveyed toward shore, his anxiety to procure his share of it predominated over any feeling of revenge, and he hastily followed his companions." pp. 118, 119.

It was afterwards found, that the leader of the gang who had so valorously carried off the whiskey-keg, was the village chief we have just mentioned. It is but just, however, to add, that outrages like these are comparatively rare, among the tribes east of the Mississippi.

Mr. Schoolcraft has brought together many facts, with regard to the character and history of the warrior Tecumseh. The few of these which are new, are sufficiently interesting, to make us satisfied with the re-appearance of the old; and the reader will find them, on the whole, rather better put together, than in any other account which is given of him.

On the fourteenth, the party reached Clinton, a small village in Parke county, Indiana, marking the northern limits of the settlements along the Wabash. The soil here is represented to be of an excellent quality; and to a question put to one of the emigrants, whether he did not regret his change of residence, a reply was given promptly in the negative. The day following, our travellers get to Merom, a settlement consisting of about thirty-five log-houses, including some public edifices of more substantial materials. This word, Merom, the party were informed, is derived from a Greek word, signifying high.' It may be so. If it is, however, we can only say, that the Greek of Indiana, is not such Greek as we have been accustomed to.

At Merom, the canoemen of the party (Canadian Frenchmen, and of course, Roman Catholics) mistook, as they had already done several times before, a court-house for a chapel. Whereupon Mr. Schoolcraft indulges, forthwith, in certain meditations, which show less judgment than he generally exhibits. He asks himself, in language singularly affected, whether this incident does not "prove more than the mere visual aberrance of unlettered peasants ;" and replies that it does, and that we should be very happy, if we imitated the example of the Canadians, who, it seems, begin by building churches, and end by building jails. The fact that school-houses are erected in new settlements before meeting-houses, appears to have scandalized Mr. Schoolcraft exceedingly, and he seems to be very much

afraid that the people of Indiana will be instructed before they are edified, and enlightened before they are pious.

. On the nineteenth, Mr. Schoolcraft reached the English settlement of Mr. Birkbeck, and four hours after, Harmony, at that time belonging to the followers of Rappe. As Harmony will, in all probability, attract a good deal of public attention, from the novel and extensive enterprise in which its recent purchaser, Mr. Owen of Lanark, is engaged, we shall make a few extracts from Mr. Schoolcraft's description of the place; which, it must be remembered, corresponds to what it was about four years ago.

"The town consists of two hundred buildings, of all descriptions, seventy of which are dwelling-houses, either of brick, or substantial wooden frames, neatly boarded and painted. The streets are laid out at rightangles, and the buildings arranged with great regularity, each having a small court-yard, with shrubbery, and a latticed fence in front: and a double row of the Lombardy poplar extends through every street, giving the town an air of taste and neatness which it is quite uncommon to find. In addition to the private dwellings, it contains a cotton and woollen manufactory; a steam flour-mill; a manufactory of woollen hose; a blacksmith shop of four forges, in constant operation; a distillery; a neat and spacious church, completed with a spire, clock, and bell; a public school, where the common branches of education are taught; a house of entertainment; together with the society's store, and several mechanical establishments. Eight years ago, the site of this town was covered by an almost impenetrable forest, which appears to have vanished as if by the touch of Aladdin's lamp; and there is now three thousand acres of land under cultivation, in the immediate environs, upon which the cereal gramina, the grasses, and the vine, are produced in the greatest abundance and perfection.

The same order and neatness which has governed in the building of the town, also prevails in the adjoining fields, which are divided by board and rail fences, into square lots of convenient size, with intermediate lanes for the passage of cattle and teams. Neatness, order, and industry, are the characteristic features of the place: they are imprinted upon their dwellings, shops, and manufactories; upon their farms, orchards, and vineyards; upon the dress and manners of the farmers and mechanics; and are visible throughout every branch of the domestic economy." pp. 163, 164.

"We were particularly impressed with the extent and fine order of their granaries, barns, and cattle-yards,-the immensity of the harvest,—the careful and ascetic countenances of the people, whom we observed every where at work;—and above all, that exact division of labour which pervades their whole system. Every individual is taught that he can perform but a single operation, whether it be in the various manipulations of the cotton or woollen manufactory, or the simple business of the farmyard. It is the business of one person to water the cattle ;-of another to cut up the esculent roots, or parcel out the hay with which they are fed; of a third to milk, &c. This division would seem quite trifling upon an ordinary farm, but it constitutes an ample employment, where the VOL. I.

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number of cattle is so great. To supply the cattle with water, and to save the labour of driving them to the river, which is near, deep wells have been dug, stoned, covered, and furnished with pumps and pipes, which convey it to all parts of the yards. The water which supplies the distillery is pumped up by a large dog, running in a wheel, and one of the bellows in the smith-shop is moved in the same manner. A single man, treading in a similar wheel, draws up the bags of grain into the fourth loft of one of their granaries; a threshing machine is employed in separating the husk from the grain; and, in short, in every department are to be observed, the most improved implements and machines to curtail or facilitate the processes of manual labor. Their cotton and woollen manufactories are driven by the steam-engine, together with a flour-mill of two run of buhrs. They have another large mill, driven by water power, situated two miles below, on the Cutoff. They spin and weave all their own clothing, from wool and flax of their own raising. They tan their own leather, from hides produced upon the premises. They manufacture shoes, saddles, harness, hats, stockings, sithes, axes, and various kinds of cutlery. Whatever is not required for immediate consumption, is carried to the Society's store, where it is purchased with avidity by the surrounding population. Among their numerous manufactures, are those of straw hats and baskets, by which the very sweepings of their barns are converted into a profit. All their mechanics excel in their several trades; but they have none which are not the most decidedly useful. They have no watchmaker or jeweller. "The church clock," said the guide of whom we inquired, "keeps time for us all; and we want no watches." pp 168, 169.

The value of the produce of the industry of this singular society, (if not exaggerated,) is a curious example of what can be accomplished without the aid of the exclusive right of property, by substituting the motives of example, habit, sense of duty, and religious obligation, in the place of the simpler and more effectual principle, which allows to every man the free exertion of his industry, and secures to every man the fruits of that exertion. If one of the objects of the society be the accumulation of the general stock, it must be acknowledged, that they have done much more than could be expected, from the clumsy and unnatural scheme, by which the energies of the members are directed and sustained; but they certainly have done much less, than the same number of intelligent, virtuous, and industrious emigrants would have effected in the same time, under the simple system of secured private rights, and general competition. It remains to be seen, what a greater than Mr. Rappe can accomplish; and although we have strong doubts of the success of Mr. Owen's plans, yet we think, that they are free from many of the objections, to which the plan of Mr. Rappe's community is liable.

The origin of the curious prints of human feet in limestone rock, not unfrequently met with in the western country, has

excited much speculation among our antiquarians. One of these stones has been brought from St. Louis by Mr. Rappe, and is carefully preserved by him. The reader will find, in Mr. Schoolcraft's book, an accurate drawing and detailed description, of the imprints on the surface of that stone. The following letter from Mr. Thomas H. Benton, of St. Louis, may perhaps assist the conjectures of the curious.

"Washington City, April 29, 1822. "SIR,-Yours of the twenty-seventh was received yesterday. The prints of the human feet which you mention, I have seen hundreds of times. They were on the uncovered limestone rock, in front of the town of St. Louis. This rock forms the basis of the country, and is deposited in horizontal strata, and in low water is uncovered to the extent of three miles in length on the bank of the Mississippi, and, in some places, from one to two hundred feet wide.

"The 'prints' were seen when the country was first settled, and had the same appearance then as now. No tradition can tell any thing about them. They look as old as the rock. They have the same fine polish which the attrition of the sand and water have made upon the rest of the rock which is exposed to their action. I have examined them often with great attention. They are not handsome, but exquisitely natural, both in the form and position-spread toed, and of course anterior to the use of narrow shoes. I do not think them 'impressions,' but the work of hands, and refer their existence to the age of the mounds upon the American bottom, and above the town of St. Louis. My reasons for this opinion are:-1. The hardness of the rock. 2. The want of tracks leading to and from them. S. The difficulty of supposing a change so instantaneous and apropos, as must have taken place in the formation of the rock, if impressed when soft enough to receive such deep and distinct tracks. Opposed to this opinion are:-1. The exquisiteness of the workmanship. 2. The difficulty of working in such hard material without steel or iron.

"A block of six or eight feet long, and three or four wide, containing the prints, was cut out by Mr. John Jones, a stone-mason in St. Louis, and sold to Mr. Rappe, of Indiana, and, under his orders, removed to his establishment called Harmony, on the left bank of the Wabash. "Very respectfully, yours,

"H. R. SCHOOLCRAFT, ESQ.

THOMAS H. BENTON."

We shall not follow the expedition in their progress from Harmony to St. Louis; partly, because the journey was not of a date sufficiently recent, to make a description of countries comparatively settled, interesting to our readers, and partly because, with the exception of a few geological details, there is little or nothing in this part of the Journal, that is in itself particularly deserving of extract or remark.

The sight of St. Louis puts Mr. Schoolcraft in mind of the Missouri Question, and after the usual declamatory flourishes, he gives his reader a favorite scheme, which, like every body

else, he has contrived for the melioration of the condition of our slaves. This consists simply in proposing, that every master shall give to each of his slaves, the free use of two or three hours a day, and shall then allow him to purchase in succession, the six days of the week, with the avails of his extra labor. There are two insuperable obstacles in the way of this proposition. First, it would be utterly impossible to induce the slaveholder to furnish himself the means, which would deprive him of the services of a valuable slave, and none but the industrious would avail themselves of the offer; and secondly, the price of slaves would rise so high, in consequence of the constant emigration of these self-ransomed slaves, that few would have it in their power to acquire the purchase money requisite for their emancipation. This plan of Mr. Schoolcraft's (which, by the way, is far from being a new one) is, however, in our opinion, decidedly superior to the scheme lately proposed, by a distinguished member of the last United States senate, inasmuch as it is not liable to the obvious objection to the latter measure that it would, in fact, compel the free states to pay an enormous sum, with very little chance of effecting the object proposed.

On reaching Herculaneum, Mr. Schoolcraft was informed of the recent death of Mr. Austin, of whom some mention was made in the View of the Lead Mines of Missouri, and of whose various enterprises and eventful history, a very interesting and well written account is contained in the present volume."

We refer, with great confidence, our scientific readers to Mr. Schoolcraft's observations on the geology of the Missouri mines, on the geognostic and mineral characters of the granite of this region, on the limestone of Potosi, on what he calls the crystalline sandstone of Missouri, and in a word, on most of the formations, stratifications, and interesting minerals in the neighbourhood of the mines. In this part of the work, we easily discover the language and the manner of the actual observer, and find a fullness and exactness of detail, as well as a readiness and ingenuity of inference, which are highly creditable to the writer, particularly when the various and numerous difficulties in the way

* Under the head of Vacant Lands and Settlements, in a recent report presented by Mr. Alaman, secretary of state, to the congress of Mexico, mention is made of the town of San Felipe de Austin, which was founded by Mr. Austin, on land granted to him in the province of Texas. The translator has incorrectly translated San Felipe de Austin, Philip Austin. Felipe is the name of the Saint. The christian name of Mr. Austin was Moses.