(1) Slops, mulch, growing vegetation, kind of soil and moisture. A southern slope will receive the reinforced rays from the sun; growing vegetation will shade soil; mulch will prevent sun's rays from penetrating soil; clay soil will not warm up as fast as sandy; moist soil will cool faster on account of the evaporation. (2) Soil mulch prevents evaporation, thus holding the water in the soil during a drouth. Let the class try two cans or boxes of soil weighing the same and mulch one. Weigh after a few days. (3) In sandy soil because it does not retain moisture so well as clay and loam. GROUP 2. (1) Corn shrinks because the water evaporates from the grain and cob when severed from the stalk. (2) Set out to red clover is widely grown and grows from eighteen to thirty inches tall. It has a succulent stem and trifoliate leaf. It makes fine hay and the second crop produces the seed. It is biennial and is usually sown in wheat in early spring. Crimson clover is very branching and grows from 1 to 3 feet high. It will produce seed the same year sown. It makes fine hay. Alsike is valuable because it will grow on wet soils and prepare soils for other clover. When sown with timothy it makes a balanced ration. It is not hairy and is free from dust. It is fine for bee culture. (3) Ground should be well plowed and worked down to a good seed bed. Ground should be free from weeds, well drained and lined. Late summer is best for sowing on account of weeds. Do not use less than 20 (1) Much is being said and some things done in "marketing eggs." Eggs should be gathered every day and twice per day in hot weather. After candling they should be marketed twice per week. (2) Brooding is keeping the young birds warm enough until they are old enough to do it. The natural way is for the hen to hover the chicks when too cold. There are several artificial methods. Perhaps the best one is heated by hot water and the chicks sit around warm pipes. (3) Poultry can be produced cheaper on the farm than any place else. The farmer can raise his feed cheaper than to buy it. GROUP 5. (1) A dairy barn should be located on an elevated, well-drained spot. There should be ample room and light. Good cement floor with sanitary drain. There should be good ventilation and the excretions removed after each milking. The cow must be kept in good healthy_condition to produce good milk. (2) Corn, sorghum and cow peas are good for ensilage because they are very succulent and contain elements needed. These plants are stemmy enough that they will not rot in silo. (3) All dairymen should haul the manure from barn and scatter on fields. If this is kept up the dairy will soon improve the farm. GROUP 6. (1) Colorado potato bug, cabbage worm and tomato worm. The former in the adult stage is a short, stout, striped beetle, hibernating during winter and laying eggs on the potato vine in early summer. The larvae feed on the leaves. The second feeds on cabbage leaves, the adult being a butter fly and laying eggs on the leaves. They hibernate in a chrysalid. The tomato worm is the larvae of the hawk moth. They hibernate in the pupa state. The larvae feed upon tomato leaves. All these insects may be held in check by an insecticide. (2) It is difficult to get a poison to sucking insects. He must be controlled by a contact remedy. Something must be used that will kill insect when it comes in contact with poison. (3) All mummy fruits should be destroyed because they are full of disease germs that will remain in the ground and infest the fruit the next year. INDUSTRIAL ARTS. 1. Should industrial art have any relation to the other subjects in the curriculum? Why? 2. On what should the emphasis be placed in teaching industrial art-cultural training, technic, interest, finished products, etc.? 3. (a) Which should be mentioned first, the width, thickness, or length of a board? (b) Which process should be taken up second and third? 4. Explain the manner of using a marking gauge. 5. Discuss glue, telling what it is and when and how it should be used. 6. (a) When is it desirable to use stain for finishing a shop project? (b) When is it desirable to use paint for finishing a shop project? 7. By what method can one plan a woodworking project without developing it in wood? 8. What is the difference between structural and applied design? Answers. 1. Yes. Give the other subjects an industrial trend. Stories of manufacturers, descriptions of the making of common objects, lives of inventors and scientists (instead of all warriors, statesmen, poets and teachers) as well as the accounts of the rise of various industries could all be used after the 3d or 4th grade and the art of reading as well taught as now. Use what is happening in the world today while it is alive-the newspaper, all arithmetic should be taught as graphically as possible. The art of rapid calculation is indispensable. When science is taken it should be industrial. Chemistry, related to agriculture, the manufactures and the household; physics and mechanics to movements of machines. Much of what is taught in geography is useless ballast. All that is required for practical purposes can be logically and scientifically evolved from the great question of transportation. Make some history teaching that of specific industries. Drawing (mechanical) should be related to every form of industry in which it is used. 2. On technic, interest and finished products, with the teachers in the other subjects teaching the phases of them directly related to work under way. Culture and training will come indirectly and more effectively because not sought directly. 3. (a) Thickness, width, length. (b) Width. 4. Set it for desired width by measuring from head to spur. The measure on beam can not always be relied on as spur gets shifted. In holding gauge, put thumb on beam behind spur with the head under and against the palm of hand. Move spur and head abreast. Place head against finished edge, roll beam forward So that the spur will not touch. Practice running the gauge thus, making no mark and always pushing it away from you. Roll beam toward you so spur will make very shallow mark. crease depth by running in it again. Turn piece over, mark opposite side, being careful to run head against same surface as before. In 5. It is manufactured from the hoofs, horns and bones of animals. It is a very common and indispensable method of fastening materials that are of the nature of wood. It can be used successfully in joining materials that will not be exposed to moisture or water, and where the demand for strength is not in excess of its holding power. All joints should fit perfectly so that but a very thin coat will be required, thus bringing the fibre of the wood in direct contact. It is the fastener for furniture and all sorts of veneered wood work. 6. (a) When it is to be used in doors; and when it is desired to bring out the grain of the wood. (b) When it is to be exposed to the weather or under conditions that it would decay from being exposed to moisture. 7. By making a mechanical drawing of it: 1st, an assembly drawing, then a detail. The high value of mechanical drawing is underestimated by the schools; too much attention being given to art for arts' sake. 8. Take a table to illustrate. The structural design would be faulty were the legs too large and the rails too wide for the size of the table. The applied design might be some appropriate carving on the rails and artistic turning of the legs. Though the applied design is good, the faulty structural design gives you an unpleasant feeling. EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES OF VILLAGE AND RURAL COMMUNITIES. 1. How do extremes of heat and cold affect the community? 2. Discuss the "child welfare" movement of the present time. 3. Suggest some ways in which farmers may co-operate. 4. 5. 6. What is the proper ratio between window space and floor space in a school room? What are the advantages of public control of improvements? What influences may interfere with the social center idea? 7. What argument can you give for teaching manual training and domestic science? 8. What is meant by anti-social forms of amusements? Answers. 1. The people who must spend much time making warm clothes, building warm buildings and seeking fuel for winter use, or putting up ice, or otherwise caring for the products during the summer, can not make as much progress in developing desirable institutions, such as schools, as can those who live in a country where extremes of heat and cold are unknown. 2. We are learning that upon the welfare of the children depends that of the man and the woman, the grown up citizen and the community. It is educating the public in a semi-philanthropic work which is strengthening the tie of responsibility for each other's welfare. It is giving a higher value to child life. 3. There must be co-operation in agricultural business undertakings, co-operation in local government, association for recreation, for discussion for mental stimulus, for education, for religion. 4. Glass area (not window space) is to be one-sixth the floor space. 6. It cheapens the cost. It prevents the minority from controlling the majority. Whatever is for the general public good can be accomplished rather promptly. 6. Selfishness, isolation, selfish, individualistic character, suspiciousness instead of kindliness, faultfinding, quarrels and family feuds. 7. The interests of city children and country children are greatly divergent. It is needed that we may see that some subjects which have long held place in the traditional curriculum are to receive an altered emphasis. These new subjects are essential to agricultural progress and home development. In them, which in a very small way represent the work, the vast majority of the people must do, the pupils should be impressed with the phases of language, mathematics, physics, chemistry and geography that are involved, hence most used in life. They are needed that pupils may get the much needed training in carrying out in detailed, logical order the steps necessary to reach the result which at the beginning was set up in theory or thought only. 8. Any form of amusement that tends to 1. (a) What is meant by household management? (b) Can this be profitably taught to young girls in any other way than by giving them much practice in right methods of work under careful supervision? Give reasons for your answer. 2. Which of the following should be emphasized in a course in sewing: (a) The mechanics of sewing, (b) the study of textiles, (c) mending, (d) remodeling, (e) buying. Reasons for answer. 3. Discuss the possibility of learning to cook through preparation of simple dishes for noon day lunches? 4. How would you teach Domestic Science with a very limited equipment? List articles you would consider necessary for such an equipment. 5. How could you use the daily care of the school room as a means of teaching the child the general care of a room? 6. Mention three topics in connection with food which will be of greater importance to the country girl than to the town girl, and discuss. 7. Name dishes in which stale bread may be used. 8. What care should be taken of foods left over from one meal to the next? Give reasons why this care should be taken, and tell how you would give instruction in the matter. 9. Outline a lesson in the making of a button hole. 10. Why is it difficult to plan a course in sewing that can be used throughout the State? Answers. 1. (a) Household management means the most efficient method of running a home, such as organizing household duties in the best manner and purchasing household supplies. (b) No. Because that must be gained by practice rather than lectures. 2. The point to emphasize in sewing course of these five would depend upon the need of the community, age of the child, line of work which had preceded and that which was to follow. Question cannot be definitely answered. 3. The preparing of simple dishes for noon day lunches is a very practical way of learning to cook. This is made most efficient by taking up one class of food, as protein, to study at a time. 4. By demonstration with correlation of home work. The demonstration may be made either by a group of [children] girls or by the teacher. One measuring cup, 2 tablespoons, 1 large plate, 3 teaspoons, 1 small plate, 1 spatula, 1 knife, paring, 1 wooden spoon, 1 cup, tea, 1 ricer, 1 fork, kitchen, 1 lemon reamer, 1 fork, silver, 1 grater, 1 Dover egg beater, 1 large pan, 2 dish pans, 2 baking dishes, 2 small frying pans, 2 small cooling pans, 2 double boilers, 1 oven, 2 gas burners, 2 or 3 lids, 2 small mixing bowls. 5. By letting the child keep its desk dusted and the floor swept. The way to sweep could be taught also the position of body in sweeping. If extra chairs are in the room they could be placed to make the room have a better appearance. 6. (a) Care of milk. (b) Preservation of food. (c) Care and curing of meat. These three are the main points a country girl need be familiar with for these are everyday things that the country girl comes in contast with and she doesn't often have the conveniences of the town girl to help solve the problems. 7. Bread pudding; cheese fouden; meat loaf; dressings for baked meats; buttered bread crumbs; cheese sticks; Danish pudding. 8. They should be kept in a cool place, in a clean dish and covered. All these precautions will keep the left over food from spoiling. 9. (1) To cut button-holes: (1) cut buttonhole size of the button to be used. II. Overcast button-hole. (1) Hold material in left hand between thumb and first finger. (2) Hide knot between material. (3) begin at lower left-hand corner and take 3 overcast stitches then turn material and repeat on other side of hole. (4) Always working from right to left. III. Button-hole: (1) Begin by hiding the knot. (2) Place needle through from wrong side onto right. (3) Before pulling needle clear through throw double thread from eye of needle around under point of needle, in the direction you are working right to left. (4) Pull needle through, pulling stitch up tight, making purl on top or on edge of the hole. (5) Continue SO to the corner. (6) In making a fanned corner let the stitches in the material be farther apart but those at the hole close together, so on around the corner. (7) If a bar is desired do not make 6, but take 3 plain stitches across the end of the hole from the stitches on each side, then button-hole stitch these stitches. (8) The other side of button-hole worked in same manner. Caution: Be sure stitches are an eighth-inch deep and kept even across the bottom. 10. Because the needs of the state are so varied. There are so many different standards. MUSIC. 1. (a) What are the letter names of the lines and spaces of the treble staff? (b) Of the bass staff? 2. (a) Give the order of steps and half steps in the major scale. (b) Of the harmonic minor scale. 3. (a) Write the scales of F major and of G major. (b) Write the scales of F minor and G harmonic minor. 4. (a) Write all the different kinds of notes arranging them in order from the longest to shortest. (b) Write corresponding rests. 5. Write the chromatic scale beginning on F. 6. Name the major scales having the following signatures-one sharp, three flats, four sharps. 7. 8. 9. Write the signatures having seven sharps and the signnature having seven flats. What is meant by 2/4 measure, 6/8 measure? Give six Italian terms of musical expression in common use and tell their meaning. 10. Write the words of "America." 11. Name five important American National songs. 1. (a) E, f, g, a, b, c, d, e, f-named from first line upward. (b) G, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, a-named from first line upward. 2. (a) Step, step, half-step, step, step, step, half-step. (b) Step, half-step, step. step, half-step, step and a half, half-step. 3. (a) F, g, a, b(flat), c, d, e, f, g, a, b, c, d, e, f (sharp), g. (b) F, g, a (flat), b (flat), c, d (flat), e (natural), f. G, a, b (flat), c, d, e (flat), f (sharp), g. 4. (a) Diagram required. (b) Diagram required. 5. Ascending, f, f sharp, g, g sharp, a, b flat, b natural, c, c sharp, d, d sharp, e f; descending, f, e, e flat, d, d flat, c, c flat, b flat, a, a flat, g, g flat, f. counts to the measure; the figure 4 denotes that the quarter note gets one count. In the second, the figure 6 indicates 6 counts to the measure; the figure 8 indicates that the eighth note gets one count. 9. Ritardando-gradually slower in speed. Largando-growing broader; becoming slower and more marked. Cantabile-to be played in a graceful, melodious, singing style, full of expression. Diminuendo-Diminishing gradually in power of tone. Crescendo-a direction meaning to increase the power of the tone. Sforgando the sudden accenting of a note or chord. 11. 2. My native country, thee, Thy name I love; I love thy rocks and rills, 3. Let music swell the breeze, 4. Our father's God, to thee, To thee we sing; Long may our land be bright, Great God, our King. "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean," "Hail, Columbia, Happy Land," "America." "Yankee Doodle." A New QUESTION BOOK RIGHT UP-TO-DATE Containing State Board Questions and READY NOW Price $1.00 Our agents do not take orders, send direct to the THE EDUCATOR-JOURNAL Indianapolis, Ind. Comments and Opinion.. 90, 145, 192, New School System of Ohio, The. 626 Close Kinship Between Literature and 23, 80, 137, 55 Indiana State Teachers' Association. 105 Probable Future of the District School. 343 Demaree, W. Y. 342 Teachers 327 Demaree, Elizabeth Trefflich 30, 84, 140, Exhibit of Constructive Work Being 167 Playground Equipment of the Rural Pratt, Orville C. Elza, Will H. 517 Special Supervision of Rural Schools.. 278 390 Schellbach, Genevieve 393 Supervision of Instruction, The- 396 Greene, James H. 400 School Districts Surveys. 573 Sabbatical Year, The 517 Townsend, M. C. 278 To Our Patrons 625 Thornton, J. F. To the High School Teachers of Botany- 51 5 226, 289 |