ARITHMETIC. Questions.

1. Draw a diagram of a room 28 feet long and 21 feet wide on a scale of 1 inch to 7 feet. Find the cost of carpeting this room at 80 cents per yard, the carpet being yard wide.

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Define a proportion and show the different ways in which it may be written. A sent his agent $420.00 with which to buy goods. Find the agent's commission at 5%.

What rate of interest can be realized on $10,200.00 of stock bonds bearing 5% interest, bought at 80?

The length of a field is 80 rods, and its width is 30 rods. What is its diagonal and how many acres does it contain? Define and illustrate three kinds of angles.

Three fields contain respectively 6, 8 and 10 acres. What is the largest lot that can be cut from each of them? A man bought 200 shares of stock at 941⁄2 and sold it at par. Allowing %% on each transaction, what did he gain? Primary.

What relative amount of time would you give to purely mental arithmetic? Give reasons for your answer.

State the analysis that you would require a class to give for the following example: If one hat cost $4.00, how many hats could be bought for $84.00? Explain the concrete method of teaching number. What is the strong feature of this method?

Answers.

Drawn on a scale of 1 in. to 7 ft., would give a rectangle 3 in. bv 4 in.

To find the amount of carpeting, a common, but not practical, method is to divide the area of the floor by the area that 1 yd. of carpet would cover.

21 X 28-588, the number of square feet in the floor.

3X2464, the number of square feet that one yard of carpet would cover; 588 687 1/9, the number of yards of carpet required. 871/9 yards, at 80 cents per yard gives $69.68 8/9 for the cost.

Another method is to find the actual number of strips that would have to be bought.

4 yd. 9/4 ft.; 219/4-9 1/3, number of strips if laid the long way. Hence 10 strips would have to be bought. 10 strips of 9 1/3 yds. each at 80 cents per yd. would cost $743.

4 yd. 9/4 ft.; 289/4=12 4/9, number of strips if laid the short way. Hence, 13 strips would have to be bought. 13 strips of 7 yards each at 80 cents per yard would cost $72.80.

2. A proportion is an equality of ratios. A proportion may be written with colons; as 9:15::27:45. Or, fractionally, in the form of an equation; as 9/15=27/45.

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The purchase money=100%; the commission=5%; total, 105% $420; 1% = $4; $20, his commission.

5%

4. $10,200=102 hundred-dollar shares. If one share was bought for $80, 102 shares were bought for 102 times $80, or $8,160, the amount invested. The $10,200 stock yielded 5%, or $510. A cash investment of $8,160 has brought to the buyer an income of $510; 5108,160.06. Hence he realizes on his investment, a rate of 6%.

5. The two dimensions and the diagonal form a right-angled triangle. 30 squared= 900; 80 squared 6,400; 900+6,400 7,300; the square root of 7,300 85.44+, the diagonal.

80 rods by 30 rods gives 2,400 square rods, or 15 acres.

6. An acute angle is one containing less than 90 degrees. A right angle is one containing exactly 90 degrees, An obtuse angle is one containing more than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees.

7. We interpret the question as requiring the size of the largest lot into which each of the fields may be exactly divided. The greatest common divisor of 6, 8, and 10 is 2. Hence, the size of the required lot is 2 acres. 8. Each share cost the buyer 94% +% (brokerage), or 94%. In selling, he realized on each share 100-% (brokerage), or 99%. $99%-$94% = $5%, the gain on each share. On 200 shares the gain was 200 times $54. or $1,050.

9. To purely mental arithmetic there should be given an amount of time fully equal to that given the written arithmetic; for the mental arithmetic establishes in the mind the power of logical reasoning, a nower absolutely essential to enable a person to inpret a problem and create an analysis of it. The small use made of mental arithmetic, everywhere, at the present time, is the reason why there are so many failures in the elements of mathematics.

10. If one hat costs $4, as many hats can be bought for $84, as the number of times $4 is contained in $84. $4 is contained in $84 21 times. Therefore 21 hats can be bought for $84.

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11. The concrete method of teaching number is simply the method in which objects used to illustrate the meaning of the symbols, or figures. There is no other method; it has no rival, for it is the natural way. Its strong feature is that a group of objects, and the symbol that denotes the number in the group, are so associated to gether that thereafter either is suggestive the other.

UNITED STATES HISTORY.

1. What arguments

and influences were urged against the Declaration of Independence in 1776?

2. What objections were raised against the adoption of the Articles of Confederation, 1777-1781?

3. Name three of the principal compromises made in the Constitutional Convention of 1787.

4. Explain "Implied Powers." What was the difference between Hamilton and Jefferson on the Construction of the Constitution?

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Primary.

How can you correlate the history of the fourth grade with the language work? What type of New England life is represented by Miles Standish? John Winthrop? John Eliot?

11. Describe the industries, manners and customs of the first settlers of Virginia. Answers.

1. The influence of the Tories was entirely against the Declaration of Independence. This influence was strong, for in some colonies there were almost as many Tories as there were sympathizers with the American cause. The Tories argued that the English theory of representation was valid, and that Parliament would not enact laws that were oppressive if the colonists would admit the

validity of the Declaratory Act of 1766. It was urged against the Declaration that enacting it was treason against the British government.

2. There were three principal points of controversy in framing the articles: the mode of voting in Congress; the basis for apportioning troops and taxes; the disposition of the western lands.

2. The question of the western lands was the great stumbling block in the way of the conferation as proposed by the articles. The states that claimed this western land insisted on having their claims recognized under the Articles. The states without such land wanted it turned over to the general government. The question was not completely settled until after the adoption of the Constitution.

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the was urged that Articles tended towards a central government that would naturally limit the powers of the individual states. Each state as to its internal affairs claimed to be an independent sovereignty.

It was also urged by some that the Articles did not create a government strong enough to perform the functions necessary to the well-being of the states.

3. Between the large and small states as to the membership of the Senate and House of Representatives; the counting of threefifths of the slaves in reckoning the number of people with reference to representation in Congress; the prohibiting of the slave trade after 1808, together with giving the power to regulate commerce to the National Congress.

4. The national government had certain powers given it by the Constitution. These were direct and understood by all. In performing its functions it came to be agreed that the national government must have certain implied powers because if the government had to do certain things it followed in many cases by inference that certain similar things, not expressly stipulated in the Constitution, should also be done by the general government. These implied powers grew up by the practice of the government, by the consent of the people, by decisions of the courts, etc.

Hamilton strongly believed in a strong central government under the Constitution, a government that should perform all the functions not given to the states alone, and a government that should exercise "Implied Jefferson opposed Hamilton in his views on the Constitution and said that the states should have all the powers not expressly given to the central government.

powers."

5. In 1800 Spain ceded Louisiana to France. Napoleon's plan was to set up a colony in the new territory of Louisiana, which included all the land from the Mississippi to the Rockies and from Texas to Canada. The Americans were afraid of having a powerful government like France for so close a neighbor. That feeling of alarm was increased when the Spanish authorities at New Orleans closed the Mississippi to the exporting of American products. President Jefferson sent Monroe to France to aid Minister Livingston in securing West Florida and New Orleans. Napoleon was greatly in need of money and so was ready to sell much more territory than the envoys had been instructed to buy. The result was that we bought the entire Louisiana territory, a larger area than the United States of that day contained. The purchase was made in 1803 for $15,000,000.00.

many Democrats, Whigs and other antislavery men united to form a new party known as the Free Soilers. It later became the Republican party. The Free Soilers were opposed to slavery.

In 1852 a political party called the American party or "Know Nothings" came into existence. Its aims were to put only native Americans in office, to oppose Catholicism and to require long residence of foreigners before admitting them to citizenship. This party became a national party and exerted considerable influence, but soon died out.

In 1892 a party calling itself the "People's Party," or the "Populists," exerted great influence. It received 22 electoral votes. It favored the free coinage of silver, government ownership of railways, telegraph and The telephones; postal savings banks, etc. party had a short life.

8. The settlement of international disputes by arbitration, the conservation of our national resources, the adjustment of labor disputes fairly and impartially, the "square deal" to all men.

9. Have the children get clearly in mind history stories and then have the children give these stories orally and in written form. The words used in the history stories can be used in spelling lessons. The history material can be used in other ways in the English work. This sort of correlation is easily

made.

Discuss the advantage of graphic representation in education.

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What is the function of a drill lesson? How may it be abused?

Primary.

9. What are the essential factors in selfactivity?

10. What should the fourth grade study? Why?

11. Should children study school work at home? Reasons.

Answers.

1. Education means so to organize the experience of an individual that he may profit by it in later life.

2. As an educational aim "harmonious development of all the powers" is not satisfactory. To develop all the powers maximally is impossible. To develop them equally is unsatisfactory because life is not made up of this sort of a dead level. Some specialization as well as breadth is essential in education.

3. Passive attention is instinctive; active attention assumes effort. The first has a place in primary education as the child is not capable of sustained effort. The second is the chief function of education as to do what one ought to do rather than what one wants to do is the mark of an educated

drill

7. The advantages of graphic representation are that it makes the work concrete, visual, comprehensive, easy of attention, and helps unify a class. 8. A lesson may make the work habitual, concentrate attention, review and tie together past lessons, and unify the work of the class. It may be abused by its formality and lack of inspiration.

9. The essential factors of self-activity are spontaneity, self-direction, and usually a want of ultimate ends.

10. The fourth grade should study reading, writing, spelling, a little number, geography, history, music, and appropriate industrial work. The chief functions of mind at this age are habit and memory.

11. But little home work is best. Profitable reading is better than school tasks. Home work such as solving formal problems is usually profitless.

tissue, well furnished with nerves and vessels. It is fastened at one end only, anchored by means of the hyoid bone. Functions are mastication, deglutition and articulation.

4. A solvent, a transport medium and a temperature regulator. 5. Secretions.-The useful product of glands, as saliva. Excretions. The waste product of metabolism.

6. It is composed of two layers, the epidermis, superposed on the dermis, or true skin. The latter is composed of columnar epithelial cells and enmeshes numerous perspiratory and sebaceous glands and nerve endings. The former is a lifeless, horny covering of flat epithelial cells.

7. Bacteria are microscopic plants of the one-celled type, reproducing by simple fission. They play an active part in many useful processes as fermentation, disintegration of organic tissues, etc. As producers of toxins and consequent diseases, they are harmful 8. Excretion and thermostasis.

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Individual. They assist in developing habits of personal cleanliness. If improperly performed they may promote germ distribution.

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The disorders attendant on impure air and overheated and overcrowded rooms. The nervous overstimulation and excitation of the imagination.

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Breakfast-cornflakes with sugar and cream; bacon and eggs (soft boiled or poached); toast and butter, glass of milk. Lunch (noon)-Fruit, bread and butter, escalloped potatoes, stewed tomatoes, milk. Lunch (after school)-One apple, one slice bread and jam.

Dinner (evening)-Roast beef, rare; potatoes, macaroni, bread (not hot), and butter, tapioca pudding, milk.

LITERATURE.

1. Name five American Historians and one work of each.

2. In what books do these characters appear: Becky Sharpe; Schrooge; Hester Prynne?

3. Write a brief account of Hawthorne and name four of his books.

4. How did the life of his times influence the writing of Shakespeare?

5. "One was the Tishbite

Whom the ravens fed."

Explain the Biblical allus.on.

6. Contrast briefly the work of Byron and Wadsworth.

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openings leading from it.

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What are the uses of water in the body?

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Give your aim and methods of criticising a pupil's composition.

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What are secretions? Excretions? Give examples of each.

Primary.

6.

Describe the skin.

9. Should children commit to memory poems they do not understand? Reasons. Name five American poets and two poems from each.

11.

Name six books that a third grade pupil might read profitably.

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Do you have handkerchief drills in your school? State in what way they may be of sanitary benefit and also in what way they may be injurious.

10. What are some of the evil effects physically of our attending picture shows? 11. Write a proper day's food menu for a child of eight years of age.

Answers.

1. Prescott-Conquest of Peru.
Gordy-United States History.

Bancroft-History of the United States.
Wilson-Formation of the Union.

Parkman-Oregon Trail.

2. Becky Sharpe-Vanity Fair.

Scrooge-Christmas Carol.

Hester Prynne-The Scarlet Letter.

3. New England writer, 1804-1864. Bowdoin, 1825. A member of Brook Farm. Served government customs for few years, but devoted most of his life to writing.

Works abound in symbolism and fancy. His artistic taste is perfect.

Scarlet Letter, House of Seven Gables, Twice-Told Tales, Marble Faun.

4. A great awakening of thought, due to

new discoveries and inventions; stimulated literature in general, and especially dramatic literature.

The history of the times centered about the thrones of the various European nations, and the affairs of kings and counts became a favorite subject of the drama.

5. See 1 King, 17:6.

6. Byron-Revolutionary poet. His work was that of destruction. His style, relent

less satire. His work hasty and careless. Wadsworth-The Nature Poet. His style is modest, reverent, and sympathetic. His subjects, the common feelings and impulses of the human heart. He is distinctively a moralist and a realist.

7. Henry Esmond-Trackeray.
King Lear-Shakespeare.
Evangeline-Longfellow.

8. Aim: To apprise the pupils of his chief weaknesses with a view to their correction.

Method: General errors are pointed out in class and corrected by the pupils. Those deserving especial notice are made the subject of a brief private conference.

9. There is no harm, and some good in so doing. The time is much better employed, however, in learning the other kind.

Beauty of language and music of lines may make them appeal to the child without any understanding of the thought contained. Very difficult poems may thus be retained easily and enjoyed. Their understanding will come at a later period.

10.-Longfellow-Evangeline, Hiawatha. Whittier Snowbound, The Corn Song. Bryant-To a Waterfowl, Thanatopsis. Sidney Lanier-Song of the Chattahoochee, Marshes of Glynn.

Walt Whitman-Leaves of Grass, Oh, Captain, My Captain!

11. Fairy Tales-Anderson.
Stories of Great Americans.
Geographical Readers.
Child's Garden of Verses.
The Magic Forest.

The Story of Cinderella.

African: Chocolate to black, retreating forehead, black eyes, broad flat nose, black wooly hair.

3. The Sahara is a vast region in Northern Africa, 3,000 miles east west by half that distance north south. It is a great arid region, covered in many parts with waves and dumes of wind-blown sand and dust. In many places the surface is swept clear of soil and sand, leaving a surface of pebbles, sand, and sometimes of solid rock. Aases or fertile spots occur where springs or wells for a water supply make irrigation possible. 4. Coffee is produced abundantly in Brazil, Porto Rico, Arabia and Java. Tea in China, Japan and India. Tobacco grows abundantly in United States, Cuba, Porto Rico, the Philippines and Sumatra. Wheat is abundant in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, India, France, Russia. Wool is largely produced in the United States, Argentina and Australia. Iron is abundant in the United States, in Germany, Russia, England, Canada and China.

It

5. Isothermal lines are lines of equal temperature in an isatheom and indicate the same temperature all along its course. is determined by thermometer records. 6. The British Isles are bounded on the east by the North Sea, on the south by the English Channel and Strait of Dover and on the west and north by the Atlantic Ocean. The British Empire includes Great Britain and all lands conquered and discovered by the British government or people acting for her. Such as India, Australia, Canada and parts of Africa, as well as many islands in all quarters of the earth.

7. The idea of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama originated with the earliest explorations of that region. Surveys were made at different times; the great traveler, Von Humboldt, reporting a half dozen possible routes for an isthmian waterway. The successful completion of the Suez Canal by a French company under the engineering skill of De Lesseps, gave rise to great interest in the Panama project, and an able French engineer named Wyse made careful surveys and obtained a concession from the Columbian government about 1877. Later a French company was formed which purchased the Wyse concession and under the direction of De Lesseps the work was begun in 1881. After great mismanagement and waste of funds this company failed in 1892. In the hands of a receiver the concessions were renewed from time to time United and the States finally bought the rights and property of the French company in 1903 for $40,000,000. Machinatious in the legislative assembly of Columbia threatened to delay or invalidate the transfer of the French concessions to the United States, which led the State of Panama to secede from the Columbian Union and deal directly with our government in granting the necessary concessions for undertaking the work. After a dozen years of work, involving great sanitary and constructional engineering problems in which the names of Gorges and Goethals will shine with imperishable luster, the greatest feat in the world's history has been accomplished.

8. The soil of Indiana over about fivesixths of the state is glacial drift, a mixture of sand, clay, gravel and bowlders deposited by the North American Ice Sheet, modified in valleys by stream action and in places by deposition in standing water. The unglaciated middle south part of the state has varieties of soil composed of the disintegrated bed rocks of the region.

GRAMMAR.

1. Classify the following sentences on basis of meaning: Come, Rollo, let us take a walk. The Lord said to Cain, "Where

JOURNAL

is thy brother?" Judge not that ye be not judged. Tom rowed with untired vigor, and with a different speed from poor Maggie's.

2. Classify phrases on basis of form.

an example of each.

Give

3. Punctuate and capitalize the following: The message ran thus england expects every man to do his duty. Parse: message, thus, to do and duty.

4. Give the synopsis of the verb saw, in the indicative mode, active and passive voices.

5. Write the following words in two columns: in one, the singular form and the other, the plural: Nebula, couple, witness, strata, duty, berry, hose, genus, oh, index, scissors, focus, penny, staff, Sarah, no.

6. Make an outline of modifiers as you would present the subject to a class. 7. Write a sentence containing an adjective clause. An adverbial clause. Designate each.

1. The first is imperative; the second may be considered interrogative; the third imperative, and the fourth assertive or declarative.

2. May be classed as prepositional-The man with a trained will succeeds; infinitiveTo work faithfully is to win; participial -Having gained his point he subsided.

3. The message ran thus: "England expects every man to do his duty." Message is a common noun, third sing., nominative case subject of ran. Thus is an adverb of manner modifying ran. To do is an infinitive used the basis of the object complement of expects. Duty, common noun, third sing., objective case, object of to do.

4. Indicative mode. Principal parts: Present, see; past, saw; perfect, seen.

word, (b), phrase; 4. An appostive, (a) word, (b) phrase, (c) clause. Verbs, adjectives, and adverbs may have for modifiers, 1. An adverb, (a) word, (b) phrase, (c) clause; 2. A prepositional phrase.

7. While he slept the enemy came. Adverb clause. We acquire the strength that we overcome. Adjective clause.

8. Complex assertive sentence. She speaks a various language to him is the principal clause. The remainder of sentence is the subordinate clause. She is the subject, speaks is the predicate, language is the object complement. Speaks is modified by to him. Him is modified by the subordinate clause of which who is the subject and connective, holds is the predicate, communion is is the object complement, modified by the phrase with her visible forms. Holds is modified by the phrase in love and love is modified by the phrase of Nature.

9. Imitation is strong at this age and the use of false syntax may be the thing imitated rather than the correct form.

10. They help to bring out the connections, the sequences, and to develop clearer imagery.

11. By means of short stories in which the events have a definite sequence. Insist that the next thing must be told next, and then the next, and so on.

READING.

1. Name a short poem suitable for intensive work in the Seventh Grade, and tell how you would teach it.

2. What is your opinion of the propriety of using dialect prose or poetry in the pri mary grades? State reasons for opinion.

3.

How early would you make use of the dictionary? Why at that time?

4. Would you make use of the newspaper as reading matter in the grades? I so, how would you use it? If not, why? 5. What is the relation of reading to the other branches of the common school curriculum?

6. Outline a course of reading for the Fifth and Sixth Grades.

7. In oral reading what determines the pauses?

8. What is a classic? Name three classics

1. To a Waterfowl.

First Assignment: Have the poem read; difficult words marked for pronunciation and definition.

Second Assignment: Find the pictures of poem. Choose lines for memorizing. Theme discussed.

Third Assignment: Read for pleasure. Quote the lines that have been memorized.

2. (a) It should not be given. (b) Gives wrong picture of words thereby interfering with correct spelling. When read aloud it is an exercise in improper pronunciation and it is too difficult to read.

3. Fourth Grade. Habit-forming age and the period in the child's school life where the aid of the teacher is withdrawn from the process of teaching "how to read." It, therefore, is necessary to give independence in reading and that is gained largely by an accurate, intelligent use of the dictionary.