man of consummate prudence and courage. He strenuously opposed the union, and asserted the rights and privileges of the body over which he presided; and, by refusing to acquiesce, while Henry was a fugitive, and Waynflete fallen or in disgrace, nobly protected the munificence and upheld the institution of his founder; which escaped the threatened ruin, and, after suffering some changes in this reign, was renewed and established in that of Henry VII, by the authority of parliament. It is related by Leland, that he had been informed on testimony deserving credit, that a good part of the buildings of Eton College accrued by means and at the expense of Waynflete; for he was a very great favourer of the work begun by King Henry, but left very imperfect and rauly." He appears an annual contributor to the fabric as early as 1449. He agreed for the digging of stone at Hedington, to be delivered within a certain time for the use of Eton and of his own college; he contracted for lead for Eton in 1482, and (in the same year his vice-president paid by his order for the carriage of stone for the chapel there from the revenue of Magdalen.

In 1466, King Edward, of his special grace, exonerated Waynflete and his successors in his see from all debts and forfeitures to the crown which he might have incurred; and in 1469, he granted with the authority of parliament, to him, his heirs and executors, a most ample pardon of all crimes, misdemeanours, and transgressions, and a remission of their consequences; declaring and accepting him as true liegeman, and receiving him into special-favour. Notwithstanding the revolution in 1470, which had, for a short time, replaced Henry on the throne, and that Waynflete had probably shared in the general joy of the Lancastrians at that event, we find that Edward so early as the 30th of May in 1471, about a month before King Henry was put to death, granted a free and absolute pardon to him and seven other prelates. He was present with many lords of the council in 1473, when the great seal was delivered to the Bishop of Durham, and we have reason to believe that he was well received as Edward confirmed by charter the grants made to his college by King Henry, and added licences of mortmayn, with other tokens of good will. Though public confursion had been unfriendly to Waynflete's designs at Oxford, yet even during it his college had met with benefactors, and he had continued his attention to its endowment. A royal grant in 1456 had permitted him to found a college on certain land without Eastgate, Oxford, bounded on the east by the river Cherwell; and the charter of foundation passed the seal in 1457. This land had formed the site of the hospital of St. John Baptist, which hospital in 1456 had been delivered up to the president and scholars of Magdalen Hall. In 1458 Waynflete converted the hospital into a college, and named William Tybarde to be president, who was authorised with six fellows to admit other fellows; and the society of Magdalen Hall delivered it up to the college, into which the scholars were incorporated by election. It remained for the bishop to change the hospital into an edifice suited to his purpose, and worthy of his munificence, but his progress was at that period interrupted by public distraction and private trouble. * mı?

The return of general tranquillity at length enabled him to proceed in the execution of his plans. The foundation stone of the college was laid tin 1474, and in 1475, 1478, and the following year we find him contracting for finishing the tower over the gateway; for crowning the walls of the chapel and hall with niched battlements; for completing the chambers, cloisters, and other imperfect portions of the fabric; and for fashioning the great window of the chapely with the windows of the chambers after the model of All Souls. The scholars which had remained in Magdalen Hall

19

removed with the president to the college before the chapel was finished; and the society made use of the oratory of the hospital for their place of worship. The society had been governed 21 years without statutes in an honourable and laudable manner by president Tybarde; but its members being now collected into one body, the founder resolved to furnish it with a code of laws, the ground work taken, as for King Henry's colleges, from the institutes of Wykeham. Tybarde being worn out with age, Waynflete had selected a fit person to succeed him, and at the same time to introduce his intended regulations. He chose the new president from New College, and ordained that the person to be elected in future should be a fellow either of his own or of that society, or one who had quitted either college on some lawful pecasion. Richard Mayew, thus appointed to be the first sworn president, arrived at Magdalen College, 23d of August, 1480. The venerable Tybarde received him with all love, honour, and respect, and the · same day resigned his office. The next day Dr. Mayew took the oath prescribed by the founder, and produced letters mandatory for receiving tand obeying him as president; and also certain statutes concerning the state of the college, and the good government of the scholars; other officers took the prescribed oaths, and about ten of the masters having refused to swear to obey the statutes; were, by order of the president, deprived of their commons until they consented... Tybarde, who survived only to the 17th of November following, wasm honourably interred in the middle of the inner chapel. From the Easter preceding the arrival of his new president, Waynflete had employed a master and usher to teach gratis, at his expense, in a certain low hall within the college, part of the old building or hospital. It was his design to erect an edifice near the college gate, with certain chambers and lodgings for a master and usher over it, which was begun in August, 1480, in the first month and year of president Mayew, and to which, when finished, the grammar school was translated. The bishop possessed certain lands at Waynflete, the seat of his family and the place of his nativity, and he was desirous by planting grammar learning there, to extend it in the northern provinces of the kingdom. Accordingly he erected there a school and, chapel, as he had done near his colleges, and made, over for its endowment property amounting to £10 a year in land; the sum assigned to the head-master for his salary, by Wykeham at Winchester, King Henry at Eton, and at St. Paul's by Dean Colet.

"

The visitations of his diocese by Bishop Waynflete as ordinary, had furnished him with evidence of the bad conduct of the monastic clergy, and its toinfluence upon his mind is explained by his own pen. He relates, that he had carefully inspected the traditions of the ancient fathers, and the various approved rules of the saints; and that he had been grieved on a survey of their numerous professors, to find the institutions were no longer observed, as formerly, according to the intention of the founders; that, disturbed on this account, he had seen clearly it were better for him to dispense his temporal goods with his own hands to the poor, than to appropriate and confirm them in perpetuity to the uses of the imprudent, bringing danger on the souls of many by their violating his ordinances; but after long wavering and most devoutly invoking the divinel assistance, he had fixed his eyes on the affording of aid and relief to poor scholars, clerks, living in the schools with a firm hope that men of letters and science, fearing God, would, before others, observe his statutes. With these sentiments, confiding in the great Maker of all things, who knows, directs, and disposes the wishes of those who trust in Him, he resolved, out of the goods which the Divine favour had bestowed on him in abundance, to establish one perpetual

college, to be called St. Mary Magdalen College, in the university of Ox ford, for poor and needy scholars, clerks. The society was finally fixed to consist of a president; 40 scholars, clerks; 30 scholars, commonly called demys, because they were originally admitted to half commons; 4 presbyters, chaplains; 8 clerks, and 16 choristers; besides servants and other dependents. The schoolmaster and usher were to be allowed each a yearly stipend of 100 shillings, besides chambers and weekly commons. A person was to be hired to teach the choristers. A clerk of accounts was to be provided and agreed with by the president and bursars. Bailiffs were to be appointed who lived on the manors, and had frequent opportunities of seeing the lands and tenements. The two porters were likewise to be barbers, and to shave diligently the president and the other members of the college. The succession of the forty he annexed to certain dioceses and counties, from which the candidates were to be chosen to a year of probation before they could be admitted real fellows. The thirty scholars, or demys, were to be chosen not under 12 years of age. Waynflete designed his college to be a seminary and a seat, as well of literature as of religion. He has required that, besides good morals and manners, all his scholars should possess abilities and aptitude for learning; repeatedly declaring it to be the great and fervent desire of his heart, that they should be carefully and profoundly instructed, and that their proficiency should be multifarious, and their progress rapid. The hours of instruction and attendance on disputations, lectures, and exercises in the chapel or hall, or in the university, were so many, that little time was left for idleness. It was the idea of the founder, that to teach or to learn, should be the business and pleasure of each individual, when unoccupied by the important duties of religion. His liberal view extended beyond his society. It included every scholar and student in the university; all persons of all nations, religious and secular, willing to resort to him for wholesome knowledge. To all comers was gratuitous information reached out by his hand, in grammar, in moral and natural philosophy, with mathematics; and in divinity, at his school, or at the public lectures in his college.*

The life of Waynflete was now hastening to a conclusion. He had been employed in establishing and watching over his favourite institution at Oxford, above 37 years. He had settled his society under a governor whose conduct he approved; and had given it statutes which he knew to be calculated for the advancement of its welfare and reputation, and for the increase of religion and learning, to the praise and glory of God. He had felt complacency in observing the good effects of his exertions in its favour, and from the conscious rectitude of his own intentions. He had taken his farewell of it in the true spirit of benevolence; recommending to its members, and to all who abode in the college, to maintain, as disciples of Christ, holy obedience, peace, unity, and perfect charity. He was far stricken in years, and unwilling or unable to attend to public business. As was the custom of the bishops of Winchester, and of other great persons, he had hitherto frequently changed the places of his residence; removing with his numerous retainers, to his various castles and mansions, as suited with the seasons, their stores of provision, his convenience, or inclination, until December, 1485, when he repaired from Southwark to South Waltham. His will is dated 27th of April, 1486, at South Waltham.

For further information on this and other points, here only briefly noticed, see "The Life of William Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester. By R. Chandler, D.D."

In the preamble he declares, that he was panting for the life to come, and perceived the day of his expectation in this valley of tears arrived as it were at its eve, and the time of his dissolution near at hand. He beseeches his executors, and requires them in the bowels of Christ, to consider favourably the necessity of his college, and to relieve it from his effects according to their ability. He died on the 11th of August, 1486. It has been observed, that three prelates in succession held the same bishopric 119 years, the same being between the consecration of Wykeham and the death of Waynflete. N.

MORAL QUALIFICATIONS OF THE SCHOOLMASTER.

(From a work now in the press-" The Teacher's Manual, by W. Ross.") WITH respect to the teacher our first rule is that

He should possess a sincere love for his profession.

This may, perhaps, be regarded as a moral qualification rather than a rule of teaching. But be this as it may, the rule we consider embodies the life-giving and health-giving principle of all other rules-that without which all other rules are a dead letter, and nothing worth. We would not, however, have it inferred that we think the teacher ought to enter upon his duties in a spirit of entire self-devotion and self-sacrifice. To expect this from a class of persons in this walk of life more than from any other, were to expect more than is either just or reasonable, and to expect more from human nature than experience warrants. The rule that teaches us that the labourer is worthy of his hire, doubtless applies with as much force in the present, as in any other case.

In order then that the teacher may possess an unfeigned love for his profession, we consider it necessary that he should feel happy in the discharge of its duties. We have already allowed that natural disposition has much to do with this-yet disposition is not all.

Much has been said about elevating and bettering the teacher's position in society, and latterly some little has been done in this direction. Let us be thankful for that little, and meantime indulge the hope that it is but a foretaste and pledge of what may yet be done.

Est animus tibi, sunt mores et lingua fidesque;
Sed quadringentis sex septem millia desunt,
Plebs eris.-Hon. Epis. 1. 1. 57.*

The spirit of the poet's words is, we fear, not less applicable in the present day, and to the case before us, than it was to that to which it originally pointed. For pelf truly is not less necessary to social position now than at any former period.

We are here tempted to quote the words of one who has feelingly described the degraded position of the teacher, and who well knew from experience, what a teacher's life too often is, or (may we say ?) has been. After pourtraying the glorious results produced by the faithful and efficient discharge of the teacher's onerous duties, he goes on,—

If such his toils, sure honour and regard,

And wealth and fame, will be his sweet reward

"For though you boast a larger fund of sense,
Untainted morals, honour, eloquence;

Yet want a little of the sum that buys
The titled honour, and you ne'er shall rise,—
You're a plebeian still.”

Sure every mouth will open in his praise,
And blessings gild the evening of his days!
Yes! blest indeed—with cold ungrateful scorn-
With study pale, by daily crosses worn
Despised by those who to his labours owe
All that they read-and almost all they know ;
Condemned each tedious day such cares to bear
As well might drive even patience to despair:
The partial parent's taunt, the idler dull,
The blockhead's dark impenetrable scull,
The endless round of A, B, C's dull train,
Repeated o'er ten thousand times in vain.
Plac'd on a point, the object of each sneer,
His faults enlarge-his merits disappear.
If mild-" our lazy master loves his ease,
He lets the boys do any thing they please."
If rigid-"he's a stern, hard-hearted wretch,
He drives the children stupid with his birch;
My child with gentleness will mind a breath,
But frowns and floggings frighten him to death."
Do as he will, his conduct is arraign'd,
And dear the little that he gets is gained:
E'en that is given him on the quarter day

With looks that call it-money thrown away.

Let us for a moment contemplate one picture more of the teacher's lifeone eloquently drawn by Guizot in addressing the elementary teachers of his country.

"I am well aware," says he, "that all the foresight of the law, all the resources that lie at the disposal of power, can never succeed in rendering the humble profession of the village teacher as attractive as it is useful. Society can never repay to him who devotes himself to it, all that society owes to him. There is no fortune to be made, there is scarcely any renown to be acquired by the fulfilment of the weighty duties which he takes upon himself. Destined to pass his time in a monotonous employment, sometimes even to meet with the injustice and ingratitude of ignorance, he would often sink into dejection or despair, if he did not seek strength elsewhere than in the prospect of immediate and purely personal advantage. He must be sustained and animated by a profound sense of the moral importance of his labours: the austere delight of having served his fellow men, and contributed in secret to the welfare of his country, must become the appropriate and worthy recompense, which his conscience alone can bestow. It is his glory to seek for nothing beyond his obscure and laborious condition; to spend his life in sacrifices hardly taken note of by those who profit by them; in short, to work for man, and to wait his reward from God."

1

With this picture we agree in the main. We hold that the teacher ought to be adequately remunerated, which, at the present day, he very frequently is not. Yet, however well the teacher may be paid, if he trusts to income alone for his chief support in the discharge of his duties, he will, we fear, find that he has miscalculated the true basis, and is "leaning on a broken reed."

We would consider this world," says Dr. Aikin and Mrs. Barbauld, in their miscellaneous essays,- as a great mart of commerce, where fortune exposes to our view various commodities, riches, ease, tranquillity, fame, integrity, knowledge. Every thing is marked at a settled price. Our time, our labour, our ingenuity, are so much ready money which we are to lay out to the best advantage.