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observed in situ, the rest being from the beach. panying plates exhibit representative specimens of them. About three-fourths of them are chipped objects: arrowheads, spearheads, knives, perforators. Many of these are shown in Groups A, B, and E (Plates I-III). Most of them are rather small or ordinary in size, only a very few broken pieces having been found which were parts of larger spear-heads. The largest shown are: in Group B, ninth in next to last row, an unusually perfect one of rhyolite, nearly four inches long; in Group E, bottom row, numbers 2 and 4, each about 41⁄2 inches long, and number 3, broken both ends, which must have been a very long one. Beyond these in the same row are pictured two others that were probably long. They are of all grades of skill in workmanship, some of them very excellent, and do not differ noticeably in this respect from the products of later Indian art. There is, however, one respect in which these earlier forms differ from later ones, which is interesting and perhaps significant. The Grassy Island Indians made a smaller proportion of their arrow-heads of triangular shape (Division II of Wilson's classification) and a larger proportion of them stemmed (Division III), than did the later local Wampanoags; and made a very much smaller proportion of them of quartz and a much larger proportion of other kinds of stone, if my observations are representative. There are two localities on or near Assonet Neck where I find numerous arrow-heads in ploughed fields and which I judge to have been inhabited sites, one of them near Grassy Island and the Taunton River, the other across the Neck on the Assonet River side. The following Table shows the

3 In Group A a few were accidentally included which did not come from Grassy Island: in first row, nos. 2, 3, 5, 6; second row, nos. 2, 5, 9; third row, nos. 1, 5, 9.

basis for the above statement, and also exhibits a marked difference between the two more recent sites.

About two-fifths of the arrow-heads were made of quartz. The most predominant other material was an attractive looking finegrained green shale which weathers into a light gray, of which one-fourth of them were made. Rhyolite of various colors and veinings or bandings comes next in frequency of use, comprising one-sixth of all; and the remaining one-sixth includes sandstone, quartzite, felsite and occasional specimens of other kinds. According to Charles W. Brown, Professor of Geology in Brown University, some of these must have come from a considerable distance, as, for instance, from Attleborough, the Boston basin, Marblehead; but in some cases these may have been brought to the neighborhood in the glacial drift, instead of having been obtained in the regions of their natural occurrence.

Among the chipped objects there are fifteen which I take to be perforators or the bases of perforators with their points broken off; and seven of these are shown in the lowest row of Group B. About forty other chipped objects were found that did not seem to be projectiles or perforators, and may have been unfinished pieces, knives or scraping tools. The best worked of these are shown in Group E, first row, nos.1 and 5, second row at end, and in Group B, second row, no. 7. The latter was found six inches below the ancient surface. At least a dozen cores from which flakes had been detached for fashioning chipped objects are among the specimens collected.

The most striking feature of all other classes of artefacts from this site is the extremely crude character of almost all of them; although it must be remembered that the specimens thus far discovered may not be fully typical of the entire culture. With few exceptions they are natural unshaped pebbles showing marks of use, or are very roughly and imperfectly shaped. Only two specimens are grooved: one of them a sandstone "sinker," shown in Group C (second row, no. 3), carefully shaped and with shallow groove all around its longer axis; the other a blunt axe or hammer (C, second row, no. 4), double-edged, symmetrical except that one corner is broken off, very lightly grooved or roughened all around

the middle. Five specimens are notched for hafting, sometimes fairly well (C, second row no. 2, third row no. 2), sometimes very crudely (C, first row, nos. 1, 3). Besides the sinker and wellnotched adze, the few pieces which show particular care and skill in workmanship include the following: a gouge (C, first row, no. 2), found standing upright just below the ancient level, with edge smoothly ground and slightly broken, measuring 4 5/8 by 1 5/8 inches, and 7/8 inch greatest thickness; a blunt celt or pestle (D, first row, no. 2), 64 by 21⁄2 inches, 11⁄2 inch thick, of gabbro diorite, remarkably well shaped; a hand-hammer or pestle (same row, no. 1), 5 by 3 by 212, carefully worked into shape; an axe or spade (E, first row, no. 4), 41⁄2 by 3 by 1, tapering in thickness towards both ends; another piece, possibly hoe or spade (same row, no. 3), 5 by 4 by 11⁄2 tapering to a thin edge; and a small fragment of a very thin tablet (the smaller piece in E, second row, no. 3), of slate, carefully shaped to a uniform thickness of 4 or 5 millimeters, with delicately rounded edge and tool-marks on edge and body. Next to the last named object is another flat fragment worked on only one side, with a rounded edge. Not more than two or three other pieces besides those just described show a deliberate attempt to modify the natural shape, except sometimes to a very slight degree..

3)

A great many stones, however, show marks of use due to striking or rubbing operations. Among them are a number that seem to be hand-hammers (D, first row, no. 3, second row, nos. 1, 3); some roughly edged tools (axe or adze, E, first row no. 2, second row no. 1); a fragment of a flattened pestle (D, second row, no. 2). Surfaces made smooth and flat by rubbing or grinding processes appear in a considerable number of stones including those shown in Groups C (second row no. 1, third row nos. 1, and E (second row no. 2). Of objects that I have thought might be classed as hammers I have found 19 in all; of axes or adzes 6 or 7; and of what may have been hoes, spades, or possibly cutting tools for other purposes, 5. These latter much resemble the thin blades of which I have found many specimens among the corn-fields of the later Indians and which I take to be hoes; and they may, therefore, indicate that these earlier natives were