Swanton, John R. Cultural Anthropology: The Factor of Difference. [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, v. 14, no. 21, pp. 493-497.] December, 1924.

Swanton, John R. The Muskhogean Connections of the Natchez Language. [International Journal of Linguistics, v. 3, no. 1, pp. 46-75.] ' July, 1924.

Sweet, Stuart L. A Conservation Lesson from the Cliff-Dwellers. [American Forests, v. 30, no. 371, pp. 654-657.] November, 1924.

ten Kate, H. De Hendricks-Hodge-Expeditie. [Overgedrukt int het Tidschrift van het Kon. Nederlandsch Aarsdrijkskundig Genootschap, 2 Ser. dl. 41, Afl. 3] Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1924.

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Werner, Heinz. Die Ursprüng der Lyrik. München: Reinhardt, 1924. 243 pp.

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DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE

CATALOGUE OF HUMAN CRANIA IN THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

THE last number of the American Anthropologist brought a note on this publication from Dr. Louis R. Sullivan, which, unless briefly answered, may lead to a misunderstanding and might possibly even endanger the undertaking, which would probably not be in the interest of American anthropology.

In the first place the review contains two errors. The first is that the number of crania covered by the first instalment is not 412 but 721. As to the second, it is not correct that the Catalogue does not conform to the International standards, which the author of the Catalogue personally helped to formulate. These standards define how measurements should be taken, but do not order or stipulate or even advise how many should be taken on a given occasion. That is left to the discrimination of the author, who in turn will naturally be guided by his experience and the circumstances of the occasion.

In this case previous experience as well as the circumstances dictated a reduction of the measurements to the essentials. The total records are to extend to probably over 10,000 crania, besides other parts of the skeleton. The undertaking is that of one man, .more than half of whose time must be devoted to routine and other matters, with only an occasional help of an assistant. If the work is to be carried through as seriously and carefully as it should be, it requires the utmost application. After which comes the question of publication.

The publication funds of the Smithsonian Institution have through rise in costs become so reduced that only the essentials can be taken care of. Had it not been for strong recommendations from prominent men in anthropology, the issuance of the Catalogue, a mass of figures the setting up of which costs nearly three times as much as text, could hardly have been assumed. Even as it is, the printing of each instalment has to be considered apart, no more than one instalment can be taken care of yearly, and the number of separates of the first instalment had to be reduced to one hundred. And outside help there is none.

Under these circumstances the attempt to double or nearly double the amount of the work and that of the figures would have been, it

will probably be agreed, a poor policy. It was in fact, impracticable, just as were two other separately urged and in themselves desirable, extensions, namely the adding of illustrations, and an extended discussion of the results.

The plan as finally adopted is to furnish by means of this Catalogue to students of the subject more reliable and extensive basic data than have hitherto been available on the American and other skeletal material in the collections of the U. S. National Museum. Additional data on different groups are on hand. After the main work shall have been published it may, if conditions be propitious, be supplemented by such data. Meanwhile both the additional records and the collections stand freely at the disposal of any worker.

A. HRDLICKA

FINAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE CENTRAL ALGONKIAN
DREAM DANCE

IN THE last number of the American Anthropologist, (N. S. 26, pp. 293-94), Dr. Truman Michelson is pleased to defend the data on the origin of the so-called "Dream Dance," as found in the pages of B. J. Armstrong's Early Life Among the Indians. He takes strong exception to the credence of the writer in the statements of certain Menomini informants that the ceremony was introduced among the Indians of that tribe by the Potawatomi of the Prairie as early as 1862, even going so far as to discredit their veracity in no uncertain terms. Just why he should suspect them of being less truthful than the "Sioux" girl interviewed by Armstrong in 1878, who claimed to him that she was one of a band of her people "massacred" by Custer in May, 1876, and thereafter commanded by the spirits to teach the new rite, is not quite obvious, however.

In the first place the Sioux woman must have been suffering from an odd lapse of memory, because General Custer was stationed at Fort Riley, North Dakota, during May, 1876. In fact, on the thirtieth of that month, he telegraphed my good friend, Dr. George Bird Grinnell from there, inviting him to accompany the troops. on their trip to meet General Terry. Just when and where General Custer found time to "massacre" any Sioux on that trip is not apparent either. On the contrary, Custer and his entire command were wiped out by the Sioux at the Battle of Little Bighorn, June 25, 1876. While Dr. Michelson enlisted the aid of the War Department

to check up the Menomini data it seems to me that he might have saved himself embarrassment by ascertaining the facts about the Sioux girl. To use his own expression, she seems to have been “not entirely truthful, to put it mildly."

From long experience the writer is convinced that untruthfulness, deliberate or intentional, among native informants, speaking on matters of Indian history and ethnology, is very exceptional, and the few cases that have come to light are therefore the more striking. The outstanding example being the notorious late Alfred Kiyana, a Fox of Tama, Iowa, who had a veritable genius for the perpetration of fraudulent specimens and rituals which is well-known to many experienced students, and is still widely reprobated among most Central Algonkians and their neighbors, who feel that the publication of Kiyana's fraudulent texts and the like is damaging to their people. The dereliction of the Sioux girl, therefore, being so unusual, it is probable that the error was due to some mistake of apprehension, or interpretation. With this in mind, the writer has spent some little time in checking up the statements of his Menomini informants, and with interesting results.

First of all, Dr. Michelson and the Adjutant General of the U. S. Army to the contrary notwithstanding, there was a great deal of trouble and a bad Indian scare in Wisconsin in 1862-3. In the Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1862, Moses M. Davis who was Agent to the Menomini, (Green Bay Agency), says:

Since the Indian massacre in Minnesota the whites in our frontier settlements have entertained serious fears of hostile demonstrations from the Indians in this State. I do not think there are any good reasons for such apprehensions. The Indians who have the rights of home in this State are thoroughly loyal. There are, however, quite a number of roving Winnebagos and Potawatomies, whose presence constantly annoy many of our citizens. There are some individuals among these roving Indians who are disloyal, and who would produce serious disturbances if they had sufficient numbers to do so. While making the Menominee payments early in March last, I discovered that Indian messengers, under the direction of "Dandy" the Winnebago chief, had visited the Menominees for disloyal purposes. The object of these messengers appears to have been to produce distrust of the success of the federal arms, and to get as many Menominees as possible to leave the reservation for some unknown place, where the wild Indian tribes were to congregate for the purpose of hostile operations at some future time. The following statement, from two reliable Menominees, embraces about all the information on the subject which I have been able to obtain.

Here follows a verbatim account of a conversation between two Indians, a Menomini and a Potawatomi, the latter trying to induce the Menomini to join his people and the Winnebago against the whites.

The following year, 1863, there were still greater disturbances, and the report of the Indian Commissioner for that year is full of references to them. In that report Dr. Michelson will do well to consult documents 199 to 229 for an account, from the original sources, of the complaints and movements of troops against the Winnebago, Menomini, and Potawatomi. Excitement ran high

throughout the state, and in a letter dated Madison, July 10, Governor Edward Salomon of Wisconsin says:

Your department, it would seem, must concur with me in the conclusion that the present condition of things cannot be allowed to continue. The frenzy of a drunken Indian, or the machinations of bad men, may at any moment plunge our defenseless border settlers into the horrors of Indian outrages like those of Minnesota, and the prompt action of government is invoked by the unanimous voice of the people of this State.

On July 21 of the same year Gov. Salomon again wrote to the Secretary of the Interior concerning Indian troubles in Wisconsin, adding:

I deem it but justice to myself to say that, to the extent which the existing circumstances seemed to require last year, I acted, by distributing at convenient points and to proper parties, for border defense, some 2000 stands of arms, which had the desired effect of assuring the alarmed settlers for a time. The case seems now to have assumed a more serious appearance.

Document No. 216 contains a complaint (dated about July 28, 1863) signed by L. S. Barnes and 41 others which asks for protection from the Menomini and Winnebago, and Document 217, dated Washington, July 31, 1863, and signed by W. P. Dole, Commissioner,

says:

Information having reached this office that, in addition to the Indians more particularly mentioned in the foregoing, certain Potawatomies have left their homes in Kansas, and are now in Wisconsin.

All these excerpts are of interest as corroboration of the Menomini statement that they received the Dream Dance from the Potawatomi of the Prairie (the Kansas Band) in 1862 or thereabouts, and that there was great trouble with the whites at that time, although both according to their own stories and the Documentary evidence, the