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II. ITALIC

(a) Latin. In Latin the doublets in-, ne- occur in a few instances:

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(Cf. also němo 'no one' for *ne-hemo; nihil 'nothing' for *ne-hilo"; nimis 'excessively' for *ne-mis; non 'not' for *ne-oinom; nullus 'none' for *ne-oin(o)los; nunquam 'never' for *ne-unquam.24)

The grade *nē- appears in nē-quam 'worthless,' nē-quiquam ‘vainly, fruitlessly,' etc.25

In the Romance dialects Italian niente, Old French neiant, noiant, Modern French néant 'nothing' are derived by Körting26 from *ne-gent, though others trace them to *nec-entem or to nec inde.27

(b) Osco-Umbrian. As Kretschmer has rightly seen,28 since n is represented in Osco-Umbrian by en,29 an-, the negative prefix of these dialects (Oscan an-censto 'non censa,' a-miricatud 'non mercato,' am-pert 'non trans,' am-prufid 'improbe'; Umbrian aan-fehtaf 'non COCtas,' an-hostatu 'non hastatos,' an-sihitu 'non cinctos,' an-takres 'integris,' a-seçeta 'non secta,' a-sna ta 'non umecta,' a-uirseto 'non visum'),30 must represent a different grade. This is probably the same as that found in Greek ȧupaoin, i.e. the full grade I a (*an-).

The Italic grades are, then, the second prolonged grade (*nē-) in Latin në-quam; the full grade I a (*an-) in Oscan an-censto; the full grade II b (*ne-) in Latin ne-fandus; and the null-grade (*n-) in Latin in-fans.

23 Hamilton 29, finds the origin of nefas in ne fas (est).

24 Walde 514, 519-22, 528f.

25 Ib. 517, 510.

26 Lateinisch-Romanisches Wörterbuch No. 6489, Paderborn, 1901; the Rumanian negative prefix ne- (e.g. neatent 'inattentive') is of Bulgarian, not Romance, origin (Tiktin, Rumänisches Elementarbuch 115, Heidelberg, 1905).

27 Meyer-Lübke, Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 435, Heidelberg, 1924. 28 KZ 31. 407.

29 Von Planta, Grammatik der oskisch-umbrischen Dialekte, 1. 315-18, Strassburg, 1892-7; for other theories see ib. 1. 319 f., Walde2 381.

30 Von Planta, 1. 319-320, 2. 469; Buck, Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian 64, 192, Boston, 1904. For the omission of n in amiricatud, etc., see von Planta, 1. 52, 301, 308-13, and Buck 70 f.; for the long vowel in aan-fehtaf (if the reading is correct; cf. von Planta, 1. 206, Buck 47) see Niedermann, Historische Lautlehre des Lateinischen2. 33 f., Heidelberg, 1911; Sommer, Handbuch der lateinischen Laut- und Formenlehre, 120, Heidelberg, 1914.

III. INDIAN

Here three grades are found: a(n)- very frequently; na- rarely; and ana- only in Prākrit, Pāli, and Modern Indian.

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(b) Prakrit. Hemacandra's grammar states:32 aṇa ṇāim nañarthe, "ana (and) naim (are used) in the sense of nañ (the negative na and the privative particle).' The following words show this ana: aṇa-cintia: Sanskrit a-cintita 'unthought'; ana-cchiara: Sanskrit a-chinná 'uncut'; aṇa-dihira: Sanskrit á-dirgha 'unlong'; ana-milia 'disunited' (cf. Sanskrit a-milint); aṇa-rāmaa 'loveless'; ana-rikka: Sanskrit a-rikta 'not empty'; ana-happanaya 'undestroyed'; ana-hiaa: Sanskrit a-hrdaya 'heartless'; ana-honta 'non-existent' (cf. Sanskrit a-bhavya); as well as a number of others. Several words show the form ṇa-,33 notably ṇegaso: Sanskrit an-ekaŝas 'manifold' (cf. Pali n-eka); n-anta: Sanskrit an-anta 'endless'; 'endless'; na-pahutta: Sanskrit a-prabhūta 'insufficient'; na-sahiāloa: Sanskrit a-sodhāloka ‘unconquerable world.'

(c) Pāli. For this dialect Burlingame has adduced three words with ana-: ana-bhāva 'non-being': a-bhava; ana-mata 'immortal': a-mata; ana-matagga 'of unknown beginning.' As in Präkrit, na- also occurs,35 as in na-nikāmaseyyā 'uncomfortable bed' (cf. Sanskrit a-nikāmam); n-apparūpa ‘abundant': an-appa; na-bhikkhu 'non-priest'; na-vāriya 'irresistible' (cf. Sanskrit a-vārya); n-älapanta 'not speaking' (cf. Sanskrit an-alapana); n-eļa 'sinless' (cf. Sanskrit an-enás); n-ariya 'unsanctified': an-ariya; n-icchamānaka 'unwilling' (cf. Sanskrit anicchant).

31 Two of the forms regarded by Whitney (Sanskrit Grammar. 411, Boston, 1891) as containing ana- (anakāmamāra, anavadya) are explicable as of the type of an-a-kasmāt 'not without a "why," and the third (anavi prayukta) is probably an error for anati prayukta (cf. Burlingame 299 f.).

22 2. 190 (ed. Pischel, Halle, 1877-80).

33 Whether Pischel (Grammatik 127) is correct in explaining this na- as apocopated from ana- is not wholly certain.

The third word is for *ana-mata-agga (Burlingame, AJP 41. 69 [1920]); cf. also Andersen, locc. citt.

35 Childers, Dictionary of the Pali Language 254, London, 1875.

(d) Modern Indian. Pischel36 has noted the existence of ana- in Marāṭhi, Gujarāṭī, Hindī, Sindhī, and Panjābī; but Bloch,37 on the other hand, recognises only an- or an- in these languages. In Singhalese a(n)is replaced in popular speech by n-;38 and in Gypsy the form is na-.39 In Indian, then, the grades are: the full grade II a (*né-) in Prakrit ana-milia; the full grade II b (*ne-) in Sanskrit na-cira; and the nullgrade (*-) in Sanskrit a-cira.

IV. IRANIAN

The only dialects here concerned are Avesta, Middle and New Persian, and Ossetic.

(a) Avesta. Besides the ordinary form in a(n)- (e.g. a-karana ‘endless,' a-gušta 'unheard,' a-xšata 'uninjured,' a-jyāti 'non-life,' a-daēvayasna 'not worshipping demons,' a-paitita 'unatoned,' a-panti 'non-way,' a-fri@yant 'undecaying,' an-ayra 'without beginning,' a-mǝrǝtāt 'immortality,' a-yaožda 'defilement,' a-va čah 'voiceless,' a-raowya 'untimely,' a-sura 'unstrong,' a-zarǝšant 'unaging,' a-šāta 'joyless,' a-huta 'unpressed,' a-xarǝta 'unseizable'), six words are recorded in ana-:40 ana-marǝždika 'merciless,' ana-saxta 'whose time has not yet come,' ana-ząła 'unborn' (cf. a-zāta), ana-šita 'uninhabitable,' anaxarǝa 'foodless' (cf. a-xar), and ana-x'āsta ‘uncooked' (cf. a-xoāsta). There is no instance of na- in nominal formations," but the full grade II b of a secondary base *anei- (*nei-) appears in naē-čiš 'no one" (cf. Lithuanian ně-kas 'no one').42

(b) Middle Persian. Here a(n)- is very common, as in a-bürdfarmān 'disobedient,' a-drogih 'unfalsity,' a-gazand 'uninjured,' a-āmak 'unwilling,' a-pīrūzkar 'unsuccessful,' a-raḍxūdāi 'masterless,' a-vanās 'sinless,' an-ākās 'ignorant,' an-ājarm 'dishonoured,' an-āmurj 'pitiless,' an-ōšak 'immortal.' The form na- seems to appear in nafrin 'non-blessing, curse.'

(c) Modern Persian. The form a(n)- has disappeared in Modern Persian, where it has been replaced by na- which becomes na- before

36 BB 3.244.

37 La Formation de la langue marathe 287, Paris, 1920.

38 Geiger, Etymologie des Singhalesischen, 4, 43, Munich, 1897.

39 Miklosich, Ueber die Mundarten und die Wanderungen der Zigeuner Europa's, 10, 72, Vienna, 1880.

40 Bartholomae, Altiranisches Wörterbuch, coll. 119-22.

41 Ib. 1030.

42 Ib. 1033.

43

two consonants.4 Here belong, for instance, nā-pāk 'impure' (cf. Pāzand nǝ-pāki), nā-d"rust ‘unright,' na-xuftagān 'not having slept,' nā-umid 'hopeless,' nā-xub 'unlovely,' na-s'pās 'unthankful' beside na-spās, nā-yāfta 'unfound,' nā-b "pure' (Avesta an-āpa 'waterless, unmixed [wine],' Armenian loan-word anapak), nā-šinās 'ignorant' beside na-šnās (Pāzand nā-šnās), nā-gāh ‘unexpected' (Middle Persian an-ākāsīhā ‘unexpectedly'), nā-k 'polluted' (Middle Persian an-āk).

(d) Ossetic. This dialect shows only änä- (as in änä-käron 'endless': Avesta a-karana, änä-melge 'immortal': Avesta a-mǝša) beside ä(n)(as in ä-domd 'unbound,' än-amond 'unlucky'), ä(n)- corresponding to Avesta a(n) and änä- apparently of the same grade as Avesta ana-" The Iranian grades are, then, the following: the second prolonged grade (*nē-) in Modern Persian na-durust; the full grade II a (*。né-) in Avesta ana-šita and Ossetic änä-käron; the full grade II b (*ne-) in Middle Persian na-frin (?); and the null-grade (*n-) in Avesta a-karana.

V. CELTIC

The ordinary n-privative here is of the null-grade (*n-), as in Gaulish an-m[at] 'bad'45; Old Irish an-humal 'not humble,' in- derb 'uncertain,' é-trócar 'merciless,' Welsh an-newr 'cowardly', Old Cornish af-lauar 'speechless,' Old Breton an-guo 'inaequalitas,' an-útonáu 'periuria. Nevertheless, the full grade II b (*ne-) seems to occur in Old Irish nech, Welsh neb, Cornish, Breton nep, neb 'any one,' for *nekyo- (cf. Sanskrit ná-kis 'no one,' Lithuanian ne-kàs 'not any one')".

VI. TEUTONIC

Beside the usual null-grade (*n-), appearing in Teutonic as un-, there seem to be two cases of the reduced grade b of the secondary base *anë

43 Horn, Grundriss der neu persischen Etymologie 263, Strassburg, 1893. He connects this na- with Greek vn- (Grundriss, 1. 2. 193); but Hübschmann (Persische Studien 100, Strassburg, 1895), on the basis of such Pazand words as nī-dānašnī ‘ignorance' nỗ-kām 'unwilling,' nō-pākī ‘impurity,' no-šnās 'not understanding' (Shikand-Gûmânîk Vijår, ed. Jāmāsp-Āsānā and West 259, Bombay, 1887), associates it rather with Old Persian naiy 'not.' A closer connexion, however, would be with Avesta naē-čiš, naē-čim 'not at all,' na è-čā ‘and not' (cf. Bartholomae, coll. 1033, 1034).

44 Hübschmann, Etymologie und Lautlehre der ossetischen Sprache 17, 21, Strassburg, 1887; Miller, Sprache der Osseten 84, 95, Strassburg, 1903.

45 Cf. Dottin, La Langue gauloise 106, 227, Paris, 1920.

46 Loth, Vocabulaire vieux-breton 40-41, 42, Paris, 1884; cf. Henry, Lexique étymologique du breton moderne 10, Rennes, 1900.

47 Pedersen, 2. 212; Stokes, Urkeltischer Sprachschatz 190, Göttingen, 1894. Henry (210) cites also Breton né-meûr 'not great' (but cf. Old Irish nach mór 'almost' (Pedersen, 447), and Welsh ne-mawr 'not much,' for *neb mawr (Jones 313), né-préd 'never,'

(*.nǝ-) in Old High German una-odhi 'difficulty' beside un-odhi, and una-holda 'devil' beside un-holda,48 parallels being found in the Greek type of ἀνάγνωστος.

(The grade *ne- is not found in Teutonic compounds, for Old High German ni-wiht 'nothing' (Modern High German nicht) and nio 'never' (Modern High German nie) are late formations still represented in Gothic by the separate words ni waíhts 'ovdév' (Mark vii. 15), and ni aiw 'oudétoтe' (Matthew ix. 33).49 Neither, contrary to Fowler,50 does the type of Old High German â-wiggi 'wayless, astray,' Lombard a-mund 'without a guardian, free,' Anglo-Saxon -menn 'depopulated,' belong here, since the pre-Teutonic form of the prefix is *ē.52)

VII. BALTO-SLAVIC

In Old Church Slavic, Meillet has noted53 three probable occurrences of the null-grade (*n-) beside the full grade II b (*ne-), which is overwhelmingly predominant in the Balto-Slavic dialects: ne-ję-sytě 'vulture, pelican,' beside ne-sytt (cf. ne-sytu 'insatiable'), ne-je-vě-rů 'unbelieving' (cf. ne-věra 'unbelief'), and q-rodu 'stupid' (cf. ne-rodivй 'contemptuous, careless'), the meaning of ję-= *n- being forgotten in the first two words, whence the ordinary negative prefix ne- was added.

The second prolonged grade (*nē-) occurs, as in Greek vn-kepdńs, Modern Persian nā-pāk, and Latin në-quam, in Old Church Slavic někuto 'some one,' etc.;54 and the full grade II b of the secondary base *anei- (*nei-) is found, as in Avesta naē-čiš, in Old Church Slavic nikuto 'no one,' etc,55 as well as in Lithuanian ně-kas 'no one. '56

Omitting all formations from the base *ane-, as well as from its secondary bases *anē-, *anei-, etc., which are not found in any sort of com

né-tra 'nothing,' though Loth (Chrestomathie bretonne 501, Paris, 1890) more satisfactorily explains the two latter as for *nep pret and *nep tra. The view of Zimmer (KZ 24. 532-5) that ana- is found in Irish an-bsud ‘unstable,' an-cride ‘injustice,' an-chretem ‘unbelief,' is not accepted by Pedersen (1. 475; 2. 6, 8, 9, 246, 248), who, further, regards the second

a in Scots Gaelic ana- (as in ana-blasda ‘insipid') as due to svarabhakti (1. 330). 48 Graff, Althochdeutscher Sprachschatz, 1. 150, 4. 915, Berlin, 1834, 1838.

49 Cf. Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Spraches 326, Strassburg, 1915. 50 p. 32.

61 Bruckner, Sprache der Langobarden 122, 201, Strassburg, 1895.

62 Kluge, Grundriss 476, 480.

58 Etudes sur l'étymologie et le vocabulaire du vieux slave 168 f., 232, Paris, 1902-05. "Miklosich, Lexicon Palaeoslovenico-Graeco-Latinum 458, Vienna, 1865.

56 Ib. 451.

56 Brugmann, Grundriss 1. 184, 190.

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