10. der heutigen klimatischen Zonen. "Erst seit der mittleren Tertiärperiode sind die beiden heutigen Kältepole der Erde nachweisbar. In Gebieten, wo früher Palmen und Brotfruchtbäume gediehen, häufte sich immer wachsende Schneemassen an, und zwei eisige Gürtel drangen von den Polen langsam gegen niedere Breiten vor." Walther, P. 454.

15. Eifel, Siebengebirge und Rhön. The careful student will not fail to locate these mountain ranges on the map in case he is not already familiar with them. Cf. note 107, 5.

18. Diluvium, from the Latin diluvium, "deluge," "flood." So called by early observers because of the similarity or supposed identity

of the effects produced by the wide-spread glaciation of this period with those attributed to Noah's flood.

99.66

23. Alluvium, from the Lat. alluvius, -um, "washed up,' 'deposited." "Die Gesteinsgebilde der Gegenwart sind nämlich durch Vermittelung des Wassers, seltener des Windes, zur Ablagerung gelangt." Cf. Brockhaus or Meyer, art. "Alluvium."

...

30. unmöglich Zeitpunkt anzugeben. It is possible, however, to establish with some degree of accuracy an upper and a lower limit (terminus a quo and terminus ad quem) for the first appearance of man upon the earth. For many centuries the story of creation as narrated in the book of Genesis was interpreted to mean that the age of man dates from about the year 4004 B.C. The reaction against this narrow view has led some to believe and assert that man has already existed for "millions of years." Neither of these beliefs is entertained by modern anthropologists. Cf. p. 7, ll. 29 ff. and the chart shown under

note 6, 9.

5.

4. Eolithen, from the Greek hús, "dawn," and Xoos, "stone." Cf. the illustration on p. 19; also Plate I to art. "Steinzeit" in Meyer. 8. Rutot, Verworn, Hoernes. While the articles in this book are necessarily condensed and many omissions have been made, the names of prominent scientists have been left standing, as a rule, in the belief that the student will do well to acquaint himself with them and in the hope that he may be led to look into their published works when and where accessible.

9. haben... beweisen wollen, sought to prove or claimed to prove. The inconclusive nature of the proof offered by the eoliths is indicated in the following remark by Boelsche (Der Mensch der Vorzeit, Vol. I): "Wer will solchem Einzelstein als reinem Naturprodukt ansehen, ob er als erstes Menschenwerkzeug gedient haben könnte, oder ob er wirklich schon dazu gedient hat?" Nevertheless, the argument for the existence of tertiary man in the following lines (10-16) applies also to the human origin of the eoliths.

14. der, dat. fem. of the relative pronoun referring to Kultur and governed by vorangegangen.

17. Die Eiszeit... Erdhälfte. The cause or causes of the glacial age are much more complicated than this remark might lead one to suppose. Cf. the chapter "Die diluviale Schneezeit" in Walther, from which here only one sentence can be quoted: “Die Ausdehnung jener ungeheuren Eisfelder, welche in Europa die dreifache Fläche von Grönland, in Nordamerika aber die neunfache Fläche bei einer Mächtigkeit von mehr als 1000 m erreichte, entsprach also nicht so sehr einem Sinken der Temperatur als einer Steigerung der atmosphärischen Niederschläge."

22. zur Zeit ihrer größten Ausdehnung. Cf. the map, "Die Ausdehnung der diluvialen Eisdecken im Ufergebiet des nördlichen Atlantik," Walther, p. 494.

6. 3. Mortillet, G. et A. de: Le Préhistorique. Paris 1900.

5. Hoernes, Moritz: Natur- und Urgeschichte des Menschen. Vienna,

1909.

9. Chelléo-Moustérien, Solutréen, Magdalénien, from the names of the French villages Chelles (Seine-et-Marne), Solutré (Saône-et-Loire), Le Moustier and La Madeleine (Dordogne). The following chart is worthy of careful inspection and while it does not agree in every particular with the statements in the text, the agreement is as close as can be expected at this time in so delicate and difficult a problem.

13. eine interessante Tierwelt. Cf. the article "Leitfossilien" in Brockhaus which presents in tabular form the flora as well as the fauna of Central Europe for all the geological periods. The period here in question is the Diluvium.

20. Le Moustier . . . Rübeland. How are these points distributed in relation to the boundaries of the fields of glaciation extending from

the north (Scandinavia) and the south (Alps, Pyrenees)? Cf. map, Walther, p. 494 and s. note 107, 5.

...

7.16. das Mammut findet sich . . . im Osten vor. Cf. p. 17, ll. 12-16. In the east (Siberia) the mammoth probably found not only climatic conditions better adapted to its needs, but also comparative freedom from the attacks of prehistoric huntsmen.

18. jenes Tieres, gen. after die Zeit understood.

25. Cro-Magnon. A photograph of this now famous hamlet is shown in the American Museum Journal for December, 1912. Residents of New York City and visitors are urged to inspect the large model of the cavern of Castillo in the American Museum (77th St. and Central Park West), representing a continuous succession of cultures from the middle of the older paleolithic to the beginning of the age of copper and bronze. 26. Keßlerloch, "an der Eisenbahn von Konstanz nach Schaffhausen, 1 km westlich von Thaingen. Nur am Ende der Mammutzeit und im Anfang der Renntierzeit hat das K. als menschlicher Wohnort gedient. Daß dieses aber durch sehr lange Zeiträume hindurch geschehen ist, wird durch die ungeheure Menge der zerschlagenen Knochen von Tieren bewiesen, die nicht weniger als sechs verschiedenen Faunen angehören. Bemerkenswert ist ferner das Vorkommen von menschlichen Skeletteilen auffallend kurzer Dimensionen, woraus man den Nachweis einer prähistorischen Pygmäenrasse versucht hat." Cf. Meyer, "Kesslerloch"; Brockhaus, "Thayingen."

28. Gudenushöhle. Cf. note 21, 4.

31. mit, adverbial, among others, one of.

8. -1. 500 000 Jahre. Notice that in printing a number running up into the thousands it is not customary to use the comma. Instead the thousands are separated from the hundreds by a space or, less frequently, by a period (p. 183, l. 19). As to the use of the comma with numerals cf. note 96, 7. Penck's contributions to geography, geology and anthropology are numerous and valuable. See the account of his life and the list of his works in Brockhaus or Meyer.

14. ein Alter von rund 400 000 Jahren. The method by which Reinhardt arrived at this result is described on p. 11, ll. 13-16.

32. die Neandertalrasse. So called from the discovery in the year 1856 of a human skull and other remains in a cavern (die Neanderhöhle) opening into a ravine known as the Neandertal, near Düsseldorf.

9. — 1. Neandertaler. This word is not comparable directly with English Londoner, New Yorker, etc. The latter are formed after the analogy of the numerous nomina agentis in -er, such as talker, walker, etc. As to the former cf. note 183, 10.

26. einen... menschlichen Typus, in contrast with the apes, all of which possess relatively long arms and short legs.

11. - 2. den ältesten... Menschenrest. Since this was written a human skull and mandible have been unearthed at Piltdown (Sussex) in southern England which undoubtedly rival if they do not surpass the Heidelberg mandible in point of age. This skull, together with a number of eoliths found in the same vicinity, is described and illustrated with several excellent plates in the Quarterly Journal of the (British) Geological Society, March, 1913, pp. 117 ff.

4.,,Massigkeit". The quotation marks are to indicate that the word is not in common use but is coined for the occasion from the adjective massig, "massive," "heavy."

12. der Schädel von Le Moustier. A photograph of this skull is shown in Michelis on p. II.

12. — 6. Reinhardt, L., Die erste menschliche Bevölkerung Europes zur Eiszeit (Frankfurt am Main 1910).

II. Sie gilt nach Wilser als Stammvater der Nordeuropäer. Since the present population of northern Europe is chiefly of Indo-Germanic origin so far at least as we can judge from the languages spoken the acceptance of this statement will depend largely upon the view that one holds as to the original abode of the Indo-Germanic race. This race, according to the usually accepted theory, occupied the territory in southeastern Europe and western Asia of which the mouth of the river Volga may be regarded as approximately the center. It was not perhaps until about the year 3000 B.C., or later, that the colonization of western and northern Europe by the Indo-Germanic tribes began. It is not conceivable, however, that the original inhabitants of these regions (the Crô-Magnon race) were entirely exterminated by the invaders. We may believe that the two races coalesced to a certain extent, so that without departing from the older theory it is still possible to regard homo priscus as one of the progenitors of the races of northern Europe. Dr. Wilser, however, contends that northwestern Europe was the original home of the Indo-Europeans and therefore identifies the latter with the Crô-Magnon race much more closely than is possible according to the view outlined above. In a letter dated April 9, 1914 he writes as follows: "Die Crô-Magnonrasse, naturwissenschaftlich Homo europaeus fossilis, halte ich allerdings für die Stammrasse der nordeuropäischen Menschenart mit dem Verbreitungszentrum in Skandinavien, aus der alle Völker des indogermanischen Sprachstamms, Inder, Perser, Griechen, Römer, Skythen, Kelten, Slaven, Litauer, zuletzt die Germanen hervorgegangen sind. Näheres finden Sie in meinem Büchlein,Rassen und Völker' (Leipzig 1912) und noch ausführlicher in meinem zweibändigen Werk,Die Germanen' (Leipzig 1913/14). Meine, Menschwerdung'1 (Stuttgart 1907) ist rein natur1 The source from which the statement in the text is taken.