his guilelessness, if it exposed him to the designs of many, endeared him to the hearts of all. But, in truth, it is not necessary to describe him. It was given to the Indian Civil Service to number in its ranks the father of England's greatest novelist; and they who wish to see, even as they moved among us, the Nabob and the Qui-hye, need but study the portraits, limned by the consummate hand of genius, on the one page of Jos Sedley, on the other of James Binnie and Thomas Newcome. Burke killed the Nabob; Mangal Pándé slew the Qui-hye. He lies beneath the débris of the Delhi arsenal. The ingratitude of his brother, the Brahman; the ruin of half a century's labour; divine despair; the severance of the vital ties which had bound him, his forebears and his children, to India and its people, consumed him as with fire. His body died with Haileybury, with Addiscombe, with John Company. But his spirit lives for evermore in the immortal pages of Thackeray.

With Sir Monier Monier-Williams' "Reminiscences," we pass to a more cloistered atmosphere. Sir Monier had been for a short time a student in Haileybury, entering it in January 1840, and leaving it during the course of the summer term of 1841, at the same time throwing up his nomination to the Indian Civil Service. But from 1844 to 1857 he filled the Sanskrit chair at Haileybury, and his "Reminiscences" are mainly those of a Professor. Dealing as they do with such familiar names as Malthus, Empson, Jones, Stephen, and Melvill, these pages will appeal to a far larger English circle than Mr Danvers', Mr Wigram's, or Sir Steuart Bayley's pages. But they contain comparatively little which is special to Haileybury, and with

little modification might have formed part of a Dictionary of Universal Biography. These Principals and Professors were mostly men well known in their day, who had taken part in one or other section of English life, where, in fact, their record lies. Their names are familiar; their lives have been written. If there is any one to whom Sir Monier's pages will furnish information regarding them, it is probably the Haileybury civilian himself. To him the private life of his Professor was unimaginable. That any one so set apart, so pillared in dignity, and so shrouded in an almost divine obscurity, could have, in the vulgar sense of the word, a private life at all, must cost him some effort to realise. To the student of Haileybury, with few exceptions, his Professor was an arrangement in cap and gown, from whose mouth at certain hours on certain appointed days there issued, as from an oracle, Sanskrit, Persian, Telugu, Arabic, or other strange sounds; whose business it was at intervals to pass or to pluck him; and whom he, by all lawful and by some unlawful means, might, Providence permitting, circumvent. To find now that it would appear that this man was human,-that if you tickled Stephen he would laugh; that if you pinched the author of these "Reminiscences " he would bleed; that Malthus had organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions; that if you wronged Johnson, he would be revenged,-will raise a smile of incredulity on the lips of more than one grey-haired annuitant. For the Professor, though in Haileybury, was of Haileybury only in the sense that the Napoleons were of France, the Caesars of Italy, the Great Mogul of Hindustan, or the Great

Cham of Tartary. He bestrode the college like a Colossus; the stream of students passed unheeded between his legs; the lads pursued their diversions, the Professor his problems. The aspirations, the anxieties, the trials, the temptations of the youth were his own, as the misery of the plebs was the contribution of that unconsidered section of society to the story of Imperial Rome.

Some echo of the old student life is to be found in the first chapter of the "Reminiscences" "; but it is an echo reaching us from one who never finished his time as a student, and was for thirteen years a Professor. It bears to life at the East India College a resemblance of such a nature as Aitchison's Treaties and Engagements' bear to the events of Indian history. It may excite interest or provoke curiosity; it is authentic; it is accurate; it is unquestionable. But the movement, the grouping, the strange figures, the capricious pleasures, the wilful indolence, the pouring of most ancient Eastern wine into the newest of Western bottles, the lost language of the local life, if (which may be doubted) it were describable at all, mayhap might have been more graphically described by other though less worthy hands than those of the kindly and honoured professor who, as he himself tells us, tells us, had acquired among the students the sobriquet of "Solemn Moneo." Such a one, albeit once a student, can only look back on much in past student's life through a Professor's fingers. Sir Steuart Bayley aptly says, that if one wished (which, haply, no one ever will wish) to reconstruct old Haileybury days, he should turn to the pages of the college periodical, the 'Observer.'

VOL. CLVI.-NO. DCCCCXLV.

"The local colour is, of course, the principal point. From the papers dealing with the local slang, with and G, with gates and Solemn beaks, pros, Dis, extra, Rentals, Gts, Moneos, with exams, with quad, with A, B, C, and D, a complete restoration of the life and times of a Haileybury student might be reconstructed: we learn how he spent his time, how he 'vexed the souls of Deans,' what he thought of lectures, and of the rules under which he lived, of the functions and appearance of Patience, Coleman, Jones, and Lynes, of his breakfasts and his dinners and his wine - parties, his assimilation (sufficient for purposes of parodying) of the Hitopadesa and the Anwari Suheili, his assumption of knowledge of the world, and his frequent outbreaks of indiscipline."

This is excellently put from its words there reaches us the echo and the odour of Haileybury days. But in truth the old order has so wholly passed away that neither reconstruction nor rehabilitation can be desired. The college was neither all good nor wholly bad. It improved, probably, in discipline and in instruction as the years passed. The "distinguished Haileyburian who had returned from India and became an M.P.," and who wrote to Sir Monier Monier-Williams, "when about to enter Haileybury as a student, a letter of warning advising him to avoid making any friendship except with the professors," in his correspondent's judgment, as in the sight of all men, wrote himself down an ass. On the other hand, the pious worship with which that eminent publisher and most worthy man, the late Stephen Austin, regarded Haileybury, even to the very walls of the college (which he was mainly instrumental in preserving), was probably peculiar to himself. There were elements in the composition of the college which were

H

fatal to perfectly healthy growth. Authority, which is the foundation of discipline, was unstable. Sir Monier Monier-Williams has indicated the forces which weak

ened authority. The chief impediment arose from the constant clashings between the resolutions and decisions of the college council (latterly the Principal, the Dean, and two Professors), and the judgment and wishes of the Court of Directors, most of whom had sons or relations among the students, and disapproved of any verdict of the council unfavourable to their nominees. Principals, Professors, and students were alike appointed by the directors. The former were not expected to ruin a director's son or nephew, who was the prospective holder of a good appointment. Then the lads were too young to be left in the large collegiate liberties conceded to them. The previous school training of many of them had been defective. There were but few among them who had passed through the ranks of a great public school. There were no students of more advanced age to give a tone, and to keep in their place the blackguard and the cad. There was too little touch, and there were no intervening links, between the student and the Professor. The students had no society or resource or control of opinion other than that which their own ranks furnished. The tone of the college, too, was sensibly affected by its isolation. There hung over the college the consciousness of that chilling mist of disfavour and distrust through which the English mind ordinarily regards the unfamiliar, the otherlandish, especially the nominated servants of great monopolies. Finally, the Civil servants of the Company never wholly emerged

from the discredit cast upon them by the invective of Burke, the malignity of the elder Mill, and the romance of Macaulay.

"According to my own individual experience as student [writes Sir Monier Monier-Williams], the mental training which I gained at old Hailey

bury was so varied and excellent, that nothing at all equal to it-at any rate in the diversity of subjects which it embraced-was to be had, either at the Universities or elsewhere. Many, too, of my cotemporaries and fellowstudents, whose opinion on this subject I have endeavoured to ascertain, are ready to testify that they learned more during their two years' course of study at the East India College than in any other two years of their lives."

This may not be saying much. Sir Monier Monier-Williams' personal testimony is rather to quantity than to quality. The sum of the matter probably is, that the subjects of education were too numerous, and that facilities of private tuition were entirely wanting. Studious lads acquired much, and would have acquired more if there had been any means of private tuition. Except in the case of such lads, the instruction given in the lecture-rooms was of little avail, and the majority were not studious. Mr Lockwood, an old Haileybury man, whose views are recorded on page 228, points out (the Civil Service Commissioners might profit by the hint) that a lad destined for India should "give a good deal of attention to agriculture and land-surveying.' With rare exceptions, it may be added, the men who distinguished themselves in India — Halliday, Thomason, Lawrence, Cust, SetonKarr, for example-had all profited by the instruction of Haileybury, and had achieved distinction in its class-rooms. Their training,

if completed in India, had certainly commenced in Haileybury. To Sir Steuart Bayley has fallen the ungrateful task of furnishing a chapter on the College Literature (the first page of which, by the way, is wrongly numbered in the list of contents). That the college should have supported a periodical, appearing at fairly regular intervals from 1839 to 1857, is proof of itself that the lads were not wholly given to beer and skittles. Sir Steuart has dealt with his subject in a sympathetic and judicious spirit, and he has succeeded in conveying a very just idea of the subjects, and of the quality of their handling, which are to be found in the 'Observer's' pages. Some who survive will nevertheless be thankful to find that their grinning skulls and shallow brain-pans will not come under the notice of the anatomist. Whom the gods love, die young. To others, whose allotted life is longer, it is still of divine affection granted that all that they have written in their youth shall perish so soon as it has seen light. It is they only whom the gods pursue with the especial malignity of divine fury who are confronted in later years with the compositions of their early days. It is singular that, though the last number of the Haileybury Observer' was published in October 1857, there is no allusion to the events of the Mutiny-a curious illustration of the value of doubts as to the occurrence of alleged facts from the silence of those who were peculiarly identified with them. Some notice is due to the illustrations, which are mostly from photographs taken by Sir Monier MonierWilliams in the last years of the college. Distinguishable among the student-group opposite page 48 is so much of Mr Wigram, one of

the joint-compilers of this volume, as could appear from beneath a hat surpassing in proportions the monstrous "mushroom" of later Indian hours.

Any one who has so far followed this article may perhaps be enabled to put himself at the point of view from which Haileybury appears to those who knew it, and who learned to see its better as well as its weak sides. There were inherent defects in its constitution, and the atmosphere which surrounded it was not altogether kindly. Neither instruction nor discipline were possibly of the best; but either might have been very much worse. The unique value of the college was that it gathered, as into a focus, the light which streamed from India on the lads who were to pass their lives in the Civil Service there. As a whole, they formed a body animated by the spirit of the best of those in whose steps they were to follow, and desirous of emulating their example. Lads whom no such influences could touch were sure to be bad, and in truth were among the worst of "bad bargains." There was a genius loci, in its way no less distinct and ennobling than that which presides over a great University. The young men who were brought together learned, too, at Haileybury one another's character, and throughout their career relied securely on the knowledge so obtained. It proved often in after-life not the least valuable lesson acquired there. That so many Haileybury men should have been interested in reminiscences of their college as to justify the publication of these Memorials

-that there should be still, not an annual Indian Civil Service, but an annual Haileybury, dinner

-is evidence of the hold which the East India College established

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on the affections of many of its old students. There must be real strength in the sentiment which year by year not only brings many together after a lifetime of separation, but many more who but for this annual function would probably never meet at all.

The years since 1857 have been years of internal peace in India. The men of the competitive system have been brought up in less exciting times and under the shadow of more ordinary events. Nor, had it been otherwise, would the history of India during the growth of such men towards manhood have greatly interested them, until they had made up their minds to enter its Civil Service. They come from all corners of the empire-from London, from Quebec, from Calcutta, from Malta, maybe from Australasia. They are birds

various feather, who have flocked together from widely different nests. To them India has been, with rare exceptions, no patrimony; they have an acquired, not an inherited, interest in it. To many it will seem that nothing in their education can entirely compensate for the absence of that high sense of a family reputation to be guarded, of that legacy of kindly rule and of sympathetic relations with the people, which were the birthright of their predecessors. These, though he may smile or sneer at them, no Civil Service Commissioner can provide. In attainments, though not in self-reliance or force of character, the rank and file of the competition men are above the level of their Haileybury brothers. But, judged by the standard of success in life, there is nothing to choose between the first flight of either set of men. Thirty-eight years have elapsed since the first batch of competition

[July

men reached India. They were cotemporary with the last men of Haileybury, the men of 1855-57. In the years 1887 to 1892, the last of the Haileybury and the first of the competition men were in the closing years of their Indian service. In that period four of the six highest appointments open to a civilian in Upper India were in the hands of Haileybury civilians. In the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay it was much the same. From 1809 to 1894, when the last Haileybury men are leaving India, is a period of eighty-five years. Competition opened her doors in 1855; so that she has barely entered on her fortieth year, and more extended parison is impossible.

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Take another and a higher standard than that of mere success. Under the present system we look for greater variety of antecedents, and may therefore expect a larger range of view. The men are drawn from a wider net; and if we cannot demand the tone and temper which were created by the family traditions of the former service, we may hope, on the other hand, for greater freedom from the prejudices and from the narrowing influence which the system of nomination from among a small body may be expected to exert. The spirit of English political thought should have freer play. Among men who are drawn from all classes of Englishmen but the highest and the lowest, much should be seen of the sympathy with liberal ideas which characterises our middle classes. If we look for this, so far, among the competition men we may meet with some degree of disappointment. With the lapse of time, under British rule in India, the method of administration must inevitably be modified. The base must be further